1916] Chandler: Structure of Feathers 253 
Fig. F. Diagrammatic downy barbule. Abbreviations: attach., attachment 
with barb; b., base; internod., internode; nod., node; pen., pennu- 
lum; pr., prongs; vil., villi. 
VANULE (fig. B). A new term here used to designate collectively all the 
barbules of either the distal or the proximal series, bearing the same 
relation to the barb that the vane bears to the feather plate. Hitherto 
referred to only as the “‘vane” of the barb. 
Base (figs. D, E and F). The proximal portion of a barbule, which is 
more or less lamelliform; in distal barbules the portion proximal to 
the hooklet cells, in proximal barbules the portion proximal to the 
bend occurring just beyond the ventral teeth, and in down barbules 
tne short flattened portion at the junction with the ramus. Synonym: 
lamella (Newton, 1899). Otherwise referred to only by descriptive 
phrases. German synonym: Anfangsteil (Mascha, 1904). 
PENNULUM (figs. D, E and F). A new term here used to designate the 
more or less attenuated distal portion of a barbule, bearing the hook- 
lets and cilia, or, in the case of down, the nodes. Synonym: tip (Chand- 
ler, 1914). Otherwise referred to only by descriptive phrases. German 
synonym: Endteil (Mascha, 1904). 
FLANGE (fig. D and E). The thickened dorsal edge of the bases of pen- 
naceous barbules; generally recurved in proximal barbules, and fre- 
quently so in distal barbules also (Wray, 1887). Synonym: recurved 
margin (Strong, 1902), and other descriptive phrases. German syno- 
nym: Rinne (Mascha, 1904). 
DorsaL Sprnes (fig. E). Recurved spines on the flange of proximal bar- 
bules, opposite the ventral teeth. Synonym: toothlike processes 
(Mascha, 1905). German synonym: Zahnforsatze (Mascha, 1904). 
BARBICELS (figs. D and E). Outgrowths of the cells of the linear series form- 
ing pennaceous barbules, usually projections from the anterior dorsal 
or ventral corners of the cells. Used by Nitzsch (1867) and Pycraft 
(1893) to designate cilia only, but more commonly used in the broader 
sense here accepted. Synonym: cilia (sometimes used in this broad 
sense). German synonyms: Hakchen, Wimpern, of general use. 
Hooxtets (fig. D). Ventral barbicels which are strongly hooked at the 
tip, occurring only on the proximal portion of the pennulum of distal 
barbules. Hooklet-bearing cells never possess dorsal barbicels. German 
synonym: Hakchen, (Gadow, 1891; Nitzsch, 1867); Haken (Mascha, 
1904). 
Cina (fig. D). Pennular barbicels, dorsal or ventral, occurring on distal 
barbules distal to the hooklets, and often on proximal barbules of the 
outer vane of highly developed feathers. German synonym: Wimpern 
(Nitzsch, 1867; Mascha, 1904); Hakchen (Studer, 1878). 
