244 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou. 18 
Order Rheiformes ...... 
Order Casuariiformes 
Order: Aptery eiformes; 22-25 enter ee a 293 
Carimaitare ek A oe ee oe se ene ee eee 296 
Order Sphemisciformes: 2c ence eee coer arcane eee eee eens 296 
Order Colymbiformes cee ese ae ee 298 
Order Procellariiform Gs ieee ee eee 302 
Order (Cicomiiformes: Soccer een as sect e oe ease 307 
Stborder STeSanOMOdes Seis ceeeeceesses ese ccendepscenccteesceweceessoneeceacecs. deearnanceee 307 
Suborder GC icomdaey cece ceexe ese coe ae eee are ee ee 318 
Suborder Ardeae: .ecesckio Stes ee eee ee 321 
Suborder BEWOCMICOPLREN sees as crenata reece cea eee 325 
Order VAMSer TRONS | Sewer ee ee 327 
Suborder -Anseres: 2253.) ee ee oes Se eee 327 
Suborder’ Palamed caer a2 2c.- tse scccssecerccsevecst cate weecewcucccncceescesese see eee 330 
Order Wale omihorw es) eae eras c asc ne eae  caee e e 
Stubord ers Cathet @ re cese ace secesceeeececeeceeecee eaene ecec cee eeeenee 
Suborder Gypogerani 
Suborder Accipitres - 
Order Galliformes ... 
Suborder Galli -... 
Suborder Turnices 
Order Crypturiformes ................ 
ORdernG ruil form cscs eee 
Order Charadriiformes ...................-------- 
Suborder Laro-limicolae -.................- 354 
Suborder Pteroclo-columbae ............--..---------.------- . 358 
(Oyo Vey CORO UU DIPS CONES) ee ener nee emer ese ee ceenen-eensmeneeeee ee anne BES 
Order GoraciiFOrmes; <2cccecccsccese cess ne sense eee cen wese mene enee enc cme rc ee eae eeeneencetencneee 368 
OTST ME ASSCTUEOTIINCS) Scat eee eee ee ee cee ae 380 
General conclusions 385 
Taxonomic value of the structure of feathers.................-..------------------ 385 
Principal modifications of structure useful in taxonomy.................... 386 
Relationships of groups suggested or corroborated................-.------- 387 
The phylogenesis of birds as modified by morphology of feathers... 390 
Bibliography  ~........---------------------seeeceeeceeneececeec ee ceseeeecennnenneneennenneeneeannaeescessnesnenenceeaees 
INTRODUCTION 
I. OssEect AND SCOPE OF PAPER 
Although as a class birds have received more attention from 
nearly all classes of zoologists than any other group of vertebrate 
animals, their natural classification presents a great many problems 
diffieult of solution, and no satisfactory phylogenetic arrangement 
has yet been devised for them. It was with the hope of throwing 
light on some of the dark places in the taxonomy of birds that the 
writer attempted the work, the results of which are presented in this 
