1916] Chandler: Structure of Feathers 307 
(6) Proximals of outer vane with tapering base, and very long, 
heavy pennulum, with slender, wavy, or curved barbicels basally, 
and usually both dorsal and ventral barbicels on greater part of 
its tip; 
(7) Body feathers, especially on breast, with highly developed 
flexules on both distal and proximal barbules; 
(8) Down barbules of moderate length, either with rather long 
prongs, longer near base of barbule (Diomedea and Puffinus), or 
with an even series of moderately developed prongs (Oceanodroma 
and Pelecanoides). 
4. Order CICONIIFORMES 
Under this large group are included four suborders, and as all 
the members of the group have little in common as regards their 
feather structure, it will be more convenient to deal with each sub- 
order separately. The suborders are as follows: (1) Steganopodes, 
including all the water birds with fully webbed feet; (2) Ardeae, 
including herons and bitterns; (3) Ciconiae, the storks and ibises; 
and (4) Phoenicopteri, or flamingoes. 
I. Suborder STEGANOPODES 
Plates 18, 19 
This suborder contains a rather heterogeneous assemblage of 
water birds, which, although probably all with the possible excep- 
tion of the Phaéthontidae more closely related to each other than 
to any other birds and therefore forming a natural group, are very 
diverse, different members of it being probably near the line of 
descent of various more specialized groups. In all of them the 
plumules are evenly distributed over the entire body, and the after- 
shaft is absent in most genera, but a minute one is present in 
Fregata. 
a) Phalacocorax pencillatus 
(1) Remex 
Remiges highly developed but not as much so as in Diomedea. 
Shaft considerably broader than deep except at superior umbilicus, 
with narrow ventral groove often nearly obsolete; no fine striations 
on side of shaft as continuations of attachments of barbs, as 
there are in most birds. Barbs set about 20 per centimeter, almost 
equal on both vanes, very narrow, with only slight, translucent 
ventral ridge. 
Inner vane—About 40 barbules per millimeter on distal vanule, 
