1916] Chandler: Structure of Feathers 325 
ishing ventral cilia developed, and on inner vane two closely 
approximated, blunt, stout, dorsal cilia followed by one or two 
spinelike ones, the rest of the pennulum elongated, slender, and 
without barbicels. 
(7) Proximal barbules of inner vane with moderately large 
base, short inconspicuous ventral teeth, and pennulum very slender 
and threadlike, shorter than base. 
(8) Proximals of outer vane similar to those of inner vane, 
never developing ventral cilia. 
(9) Bedy feathers with pennulum of distals usually rather 
stout, dorsal cilia not developed, the ventral ones conspicuously 
short and blunt. 
(10) Ornamental plumes with divided vanes frequently de- 
veloped. 
(11) Down very long, often over 2 mm., the nodes slightly 
enlarged, sometimes with minute prongs, pigment when present not 
collected into conspicuous spots. 
IV. SusorpDER PHOENICOPTERI 
Pini Rigs 32 
The flamingoes, in Knowlton’s classification, are grouped as a 
suborder of the Ciconiiformes, but in their characters they are so 
perfectly transitional between the Ciconiae, especially the ibises, on 
the one hand, and the Anseriformes on the other, that, while 
evidently forming a suborder of their own, the question as to 
the group with which they are more closely associated has been 
one of the most debated questions in the classification of birds. 
Their feather structure, therefore, is of unusual interest, on account 
of the light which it throws on this relationship. 
As in both the Ciconiae and the Anseriformes, the down is 
here also uniformly distributed. The aftershaft is present, which is 
an interesting fact considering that in the Ciconiae it is very 
variable, while in the Anseriformes it is rudimentary or absent. 
There are twelve primaries as in some Ciconiae, whereas in 
Anseriformes there are only eleven. 
a) Phoencopterus ruber 
(1) Remex 
Shaft of remiges slightly wider than deep, with shallow median 
groove. Pith of rami more than one cell in thickness; whole ventral 
