326 Unversity of California Publications in Zoology Vor. 13 
ridge narrow, and without villi on the ventral edge on outer vane. 
Distal barbules small relative to the proximals, and outnumbering 
them about two to one; on inner vane of secondary about 40 distals 
to 20 proximal barbules per millimeter. 
Inner vane—Distal barbules (pl. 21, fig. 32a) with very short 
base, about 0.2 mm. long by about 0.04 mm. wide; ventral teeth 
slender and elongate, much more so than in Ciconiae, but less so 
than in Anseres; the pennulum relatively short, seldom over 0.3 
mm., making, with the base, a short barbule; hooklets 5, slender, 
of moderate length, but progressively longer; ventral cilia long and 
slender, and not conspicuously curved; dorsal cilia, as a_ series, 
well developed, the basal 2 or 3, stout and spiny, the more distal 
ones more slender. Proximal barbules with base about 0.5 mm. 
long by 0.055 mm. wide, with a series of about 4 ventral teeth, 
the proximal two larger and more lobate, the outer ones more 
slender and pointed. 
Outer vane.—Distal barbules differ mainly in the larger number 
of hooklets, and more conspicuous ventral cilia, and absence of 
dorsal ones, while in proximals (pl. 21, fig. 32b) the ventral teeth, 
especially distal ones, become separated from each other, increase 
in number, and form a series of straight, sharp, ventral barbicels, 
exactly comparable to those in the outer vane of ducks, as will be 
seen by comparing plate 21, figure 32b, with plate 21, figure 28/. 
(2) Other Feathers. 
In body feathers barbules merely a simplification of remex type, 
proximals retaining a series of slender, ventral barbicels, as shown in 
plate 21, figure 32c, which represents a proximal barbule from loose- 
vaned scapular feather; no flexules ever developed. 
(3) Down 
Down barbules (pl. 35, fig. 102) long and filamentous, with 
inconspicuous nodes except near tip of pennula, where they are 
slightly enlarged, and possess small prongs. 
b) Relationships and Summary 
In all of the above details of the minute structure of the feathers 
the Phoenicopteri agree with the Anseres more closely than with the 
Ciconiae. 
In all of the following points they agree with the Anseres as 
opposed to the Ciconiae: (1) general shape and relative size of 
barbules; (2) form of ventral teeth of both distals and proximals; 
(3) form of both ventral and dorsal cilia of distals; (4) presence 
and form of ventral barbicels of outer proximals. 
The chief points of difference are: (1) the smaller number of 
hooklets; (2) the smooth ventral edge of rami of outer vane; (3) 
form of down. In the first two of these characters they also differ 
from the Ibididae, with which they are more closely related than 
