1916] Chandler: Structure of Feathers 379 
group. The Trochilidae and the suborder Pici, with the exception 
of the Galbulidae, show such striking likenesses to the Passeriformes 
that it is difficult to deny their closer alliance to that group than 
to the Coraciiformes. 
f) Summary 
The Coraciiformes are characterized as follows: 
(1) Plumules more or less suppressed, or confined to apteria. 
(2) Aftershaft variable, being absent, rudimentary or well 
developed. 
(3) Distal barbules of remiges with bases different in different 
groups but always with small slender ventral teeth; pennulum 
moderate, with usually not over 5 hooklets, the ventral cilia mod- 
erate, straight, usually longer and more conspicuous near tip of 
pennulum than at its base; dorsal cilia as a rule poorly developed. 
Exceptions in the relatively stout, blunt ventral teeth of Trochili- 
dae, the extremely long pennula of Striges and Caprimulgi, and 
the minute pennula of Trochilidae, the poorly developed ventral 
cilia in the inner vane of Podargus, in the large number of stout 
hooklets in the outer vane of Bucerotidae, and in the relatively 
high development of the proximal two dorsal cilia in the Bucer- 
otidae. 
(4) Proximal barbules of inner vane of remiges usually with 
slender elongate base, moderate ventral teeth, and rather broad 
pennulum somewhat shorter than base. Exceptions in short broad 
bases in Trochilidae, and in greatly elongated pennula in Striges 
and Caprumulgi. 
(5) Proximal barbules on distal part of barbs of outer vane 
of remiges with moderately developed series of hooked ventral cilia. 
Exceptions in enormous talon-like ventral cilia of Ceryle, non- 
barbicelled pennulum of Bucerotidae and Trochilidae, and weak 
cilia of trogons, hoopoes and owls. 
(6) Body feathers, where unmodified for color production, mere 
simplifications of remex type. 
(7) Down always more or less pigmented, with nodes slightly 
enlarged and inconspicuous in typical coraciid forms, larger and 
beadlike in Alcedinidae, and almost unnoticeable in Caprimulgi 
and Cypselidae; barbules coarse, with prongs at nodes, in Bucero- 
tidae; nodes large basally and inconspicuous distally in Striges and 
