49-1 OTPaflt Procellariiformes. 



bave been. My impression is that perhaps tbe Tubinares on tlie 

 one liand see their nearest relatives in the Steganopodes, in faot 

 tliere can now hardly be any doubt upon this point, — wbile upoD 

 tbe otber band I am inclined to tbink that the penguins (Impen- 

 nes) migbt be witb truth placed next below them, as Furbringer 

 lias done". 



Gadow (1893), Beddard (1898), Pycraft (1899) n Chalmers- 

 Mitchell (1901) ho TO.utKO BnoaH'b oh.'Ïshh.iih u;i,en PARKER'a, GrAR- 



ROD'a, FoRBEs'a H Ft'lRBRINGER'a, HO KaHCAHU H3"B HHXI BHeCB H 



co CBoeS CTopoHBi KaKoe-jmôo soKa3aTe.itcTBO HecoMH'BHHaro po,n- 

 CTBa Procellariiformes u tïmœ. yKa3ajrt ncTHHHoe itbcto nxt Bt 



CHCTeMb. 51 OCTaHOBJIKJCb Ha HXt SOKa3aTejIt.CTBaxt H'iCKOJIbKO 



noApo6H r be. „ Es ist garnicht zu leugnen ", roBopHTt Gadow x ) 

 „ dass Tubinares und Laridae sebr viele Merkmale gemein baben; 

 bei rubiger Betrachtung ergiebt sich aber, dass die meisten die- 

 ser Debereinstimmungen entweder auf Rechnung der in roancber 

 Beziehung àhnlichen Lebensweise zu setzen sind oder auch den 

 Limicoîae, d. h. den allernâchsten àlteren Verwandten der Moven, 

 zxvkommen, in letzterem Falle also als indiffèrent aus dem Verg- 

 leiche aussuscheiden sind. Hierber gebort z. B. die Pterylose A r on 

 Lestris weiche derjenigen der Tubinares iiberraschend ahnlich 

 ist, aber auch bei Limicolae vorkommt". ,, Not the least intersting 

 feature of the Pétrels ", nmueTt Pyckraft 2 ), „ is the fact that, 

 superficially, they bear an undoubtedly close likeness to tbe 

 Gulls. By the earlier Ornithologiste, and even by some at the 

 présent day, this likeness has been taken to indicate the close re- 

 lationship of the two Orders. As a matter of fact, this resern- 

 blance is due entirely to convergence, or homoplasy. ïhat is 

 to say, it is due to the action of a sinailar environment, on fun- 

 damentally [dis]similar structures. Tbe ( >wls and tbe Accipitres 

 afford a similar case". B/bckojibkhmii CTpaHuuaMH sajiBme bt> toïi 

 ace CBoefi paôorb Pycraft noBTopaerB: ,,Osteology lends no sup- 

 port to the contention that the Pétrels are related to the Gulls, 

 a contention now generally abandoned, tbougb still finding cham- 

 pions. The likeness between tbe two groups is one of homoplasy 

 onty. That is to say, the likeness is superficial and wrought by 



1) Bkonn's Klassen und Ordn. des Thicr-Reichs, VI, iv, Vogel, II, Syst. 

 Th., p. 130-131 (1893;. 



2) Godmann, Monogr. of the Pétrels, p. XV h Rsurie p. XIX (1907—1910). 



