> as in English. 



20 REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES GEOGRAPHIC BOARD. 



c is always soft, and has nearly the sound of s ; hard c Is given by k. Ex- 

 ample: Celebes. 

 ch is always soft, as in church. Example: Chingchin. 

 f as in English ; ph should not be used for this sound. Thus, not Haiphong, 



but Haifong. 

 g is always hard (soft g is given by j). Example: Galapagos, 

 h is always pronounced when inserted, 

 j as in English; dj should never be used for this sound. Examples: Japan, 



Jinchuen. 

 k as in English. It should always be used for the hard c. Thus, not. Corea, 

 but Korea, 

 kh has the sound of the oriental guttural. Example: Khan, 

 gh is another guttural, as in the Turkish : Dagh, Ghazi. 

 ng has two slightly different sounds, as in finger, singer. 



q should never be employed ; qu is given by kw. Example: Kwangtung. 

 b,d, 

 1, m, 

 n, p, 

 r, s, 

 t, V, 

 w,x, 

 and 



ZJ 



y is always a consonant, as in yard, and should not be used for the vowel i. 

 Thus, not Mikindany, but Mikindani. 



All vowels are shortened in sound by doubling the following consonant. 

 Examples: Yarra, Tanna, Jidda, Bonni. 



Doubling a vowel is only necessary where there is a distinct repetition of 

 the single sound. Example: Nuulua. 



Accents should not, generally, be used ; but where there is a very decided 

 emphatic syllable or stress which affects the sound of the word it should 

 be marked by an acute accent. Examples: Tongatabu, Galapagos, Pala- 

 wan, Sarawak. 



In order to secure uniformity in so far as possible in the matter of 

 transliteration of Chinese place names and in order that the system 

 adopted may conform to what is apparently to be the standard in 

 American publications, it is recommended that the following rules 

 be adopted for observance, viz : 



(1) The spelling generally shall follow the list of Chinese post 

 offices and Provinces as given in the Imperial Postal Guide, published 

 for the use of the Postal Service by the Inspector General of Customs 

 and Posts. 



(2) Names shall be printed as single words. 



(3) Forms sanctioned by long usage in standard publications in 

 the English language shall be retained. 



HOW DECISIONS ARE MADE. 



Cases brought to the Board for decision are at once referred to the 

 executive committee for examination and report. This committee 

 examines each case, consulting printed aul;liorities, such as mother 



