246 



It has, also, a larger, straight orifice, a, which communicates with the 

 center orifice. 



The plug C has two cavities drilled into the body on adjacent quar- 

 ters, and connected by a small orifice which passes from the shallower 

 cavity tangentially into the base of the deeper one. This will be 

 better understood by reference to Fig. 56, in which is shown a sec- 

 tion through the center of the nozzle. This cut represents the water 

 entering the shallow cavity in the body of the plug h passing through the 



cavity e and issuing at c. By turning the 

 plug rightward, as indicated by the dot- 

 ted line, the discharge can be delivered at 

 d. Thus it discharges sidewise or straight 

 ahead, at the will of the operator. By turn- 

 ing the plug leftward from the position 

 shown in the cut, the discharge will be re- 

 versed and delivered at a, which is a larger 



Fig. 56. — Section of Universal SpraV'tip j. • i j. -ij ^ -j. j.i i • 



(oiicnnai) Straight onfacc and permits the washing 



out of any sediment or obstruction. When 

 turned half way around rightward from the position shown in the cut, 

 the nozzle is closed. 



FOREIGN MODIFICATIONS OF THE RILEY NOZZLE. 



Foreign modifications of the Riley nozzle are numerous, but mostly 

 of slight practical value. Many of them, and especially the more im- 

 portant, were exhibited at the International Exposition and Con- 

 ress held at Conegliano, Italy, March, 1886. As a matter of gen- 

 eral information to American farmers and fruitgrowers we quote 

 freely from the report of Dr. V. Alpe on this exposition, made to the 

 minister of agriculture, industry-, and commerce of Italy, printed at 

 Rome, 1887. 



Doctor Alpe discusses principally the use of lime-water as a fungi- 

 cide and the various nozzles by which it is applied ; also the most im- 

 portant pumps, etc. 



The following quotation (omitting some over complimentary allusions) 

 is from pp. 31-35 of the report. Dr. Alpe has, in this, quoted largely 

 from Professor Oettalini's paper on the exhibit : 



Oue of tlie most iniportant points in apparatus for the application of lime-water is 

 that which relates to the atomizer. 



The exhibitors at the exposition in Conegliano did not neglect this essential element, 

 and although oue can not say that there were presented any very important novelties 

 or solutions of the problem, which were in every respect perfect, nevertheless there 

 was no lack of interesting matter. The typical fundameutal atomizer is that of Riley 

 * * * brought to our notice some years since. The atomizers presented at our 

 exhibitions were all more or less effective modifications of the Riley atomizer. As is 

 well known, this consists of a cylindrical box, in bronze or other metal, of varying 

 interior diameter, closed by an empty crystalline-lens-shaped stopper constructed 



