48 FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT OF 



counter]oart of the Leaf-tyer just described.* The chrysalis is also similar^ 

 but the moth, instead of being uniformly ash-gray, is of a bright orange, 

 but of exactly the same size and equally uniform in coloration ; so that by 

 imagining a bright golden orange instead of deep ash-gra}', Figure 22, c) 

 would answer for this species. 



I have little doubt but this worm is also very generally associated with 

 the Skeletonizer, as I found the latter had been quite abundant in Mr. 

 Wier's nursery last fall ; and it very probably helped in some degree to 

 cause the blasted apj)earance of the nursery which was attributed solely to 

 the Lesser Leaf-folder the year before. 



In the Prairie Farmer for February 10th, 1872, M. Wier gives the fol- 

 lowing account of the habits of this Lesser Leaf-folder : 



This is one of those ephemeral, and as we might say, local insects, that 

 often do great damage at some point, and may not be troublesome again in 

 that locality for years. 



Our nurseries were scourged with it during the summer of 1870 to so 

 great an extent that from the twentieth of June until the first of September, 

 hardly a green leaf could be found on the younger trees. 



My attention was first called to it in the fall of '63, by a neighboring 

 nurseryman, who wished me to call and see how the Codling moth (as he 

 termed it) had injured his apple seedlings. 



His acre or more of seedlings could have looked no worse if they had 

 been sprinkled over with dry straw, and burned over, yet, as was the case 

 in our nursery, there was scarcely a Tortrix to be seen the succeeding sum- 

 mer, and his seedlings made a very strong growth. I next saw it in my 

 nursery in June '64, when it swept over a large lot of two-year-old apple 

 trees in June, but did no serious damage, as there appeared to be but one 

 brood. It was next seen as stated above aboiit the 12th of June, 1870, 

 involving the entire apple nurser^^ here, and more or less the orchards. At 

 that time the caterpillars were about half grown, but were not numerous 

 enough to do serious damage. They commenced to change to^ chrysalids 

 about the 20th of June, and in three to four days, the little bright orange 

 moths were flitting around amongst the trees, depositing the eggs for another 

 brood of worms. The eggs soon liatched, and as the second brood of worms 

 was at least one hundred times more numerous than the first, the trees soon 

 began to show signs of damage. I did not determine positively", but I am 

 quite certaift that this brood changed to moths in about thirty days, or the 

 20th of July, and they at once laid their eggs, increasing perhaps fifty fold 

 (enemies had begun to prey upon them). They matured about August 20th, 

 and laid eggs for another brood, about equalling the second. These so far 

 as I could see were all killed by frost, that were not destroyed by their nat- 

 ural enemies, when about two-thirds grown. 



The first thing that will be noticed where it is present, is that in look- 

 ing along nursery rows, leaves will be seen with large reddish-brOAvn spots 

 on them. A close examination will show that these leaves have been folded 

 upwards until their edges met, and are closely fastened together with fine 

 silken threads. Grasp the leaf between the thumb and finger, open it care- 

 fully and a small, greenish, very lively caterpillar will be found between 

 the folds, and if you do not grasp the leaf so as to squeeze it, the worm 

 will wriggle out and fall to the ground. It has a pale, amber-brown head^ 

 and in many individuals the whole bod}^ is of a brownish tint, especially on 



* specific differences may yet be discerned, as Dr. LeBaron has not very minutely charai'terized 

 his larva. 



