THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. oO 



destined from the first to acquire wings. The _young, after attaching them- 

 selves, become in a measure stationary, and remind one very much of young 

 bark-lice. The fine hair-like setae, which in their functions and elasticit}^ 

 are analogous to our tongue, become loosened from the more fleshy ros- 

 trum or sheath, as shoAvn at Figure 28, j, and are often so firmly inserted 

 into the root that the louse, if disturbed from its place, generally hangs by 

 them. Three of the threads of this tongue are sufficiently conspicuous, but 

 there should be, from analogy, four. The females on the roots seem to be less 

 prolific than those in the galls, and their eggs if anything are rather larger. 

 These eggs are alwa^-s of a bright yellow color, and, on the dark root, are 

 detected with the naked eye as readily as the lice, which become darker or 

 of a dull orange as they grow older. 



The insect is found on the roots in all stages during the summer months. 

 In the winter it is found dormant, principally in the larva state, and no eggs 

 are to be seen. With the circulation of the sap in spring, the activity ot 

 these young recommences, and in a short time afterwards eggs are depos- 

 ited again. At this season the punctures of their little beaks produce very 

 decided swellings and an excess of moisture at the wounded parts. The 

 winged forms are by no means uncommon and commence to issue from the 

 ground perhaps as early as July. When I last examined the roots before 

 ni}' departure, or about the middle of May, no pupse were found ; but winged 

 insects were obtained as earh' as Jxily in France, and after my return I had 

 no ditfieulty in obtaining all I wished, especially during the hitter part of 

 September. The pupte are easily recognizable Avith a good lens, by the lit- 

 tle dark pad-like wing-sheaths at the sides of the body (Fig. 28, e,f) — and the 

 sexes may even be distinguished at this stage b}^ the greater constriction 

 of the body near these pads in the female, compared to the male, her abdo- 

 men being larger. Before giving forth the winged insect, these pujias become 

 quite restless and active, and in a state of nature they no doubt issue from 

 the ground. 



The winged female (Fig. 28, g, Ji), seems to be much more common than 

 the male, and is distinguished by her more lengthened abdomen — the Avings, 

 when closed, extending not much more than its length beyond the tij), 

 while in the male they extend more nearly three times its length. The 

 dusky thoracic band is not so distinct and the abdomen is more produced 

 at the apex in the male; and there is also a slight difference in the venation 

 of the wings of the two sexes, which venation is best seen in the fresh 

 specimens, as it becomes in a measure obsolete in drying. In the abdo- 

 men of the female two or three large eggs are plainly visible, especially 

 after being soaked in acetic acid. The two-jointed tarsus or foot is also 

 plainly visible in such specimens, and I have found the joint movable, while 

 M. V. Signoret, of Paris, has obtained the skin of the tibia, or shank with 

 the basal joint of the tarsus hanging to it. Prof. Westwood also refers to a 

 short basal tarsal joint in the gall insect which he described. These facts, 

 trivial as they may appear, are very important in a scientific view, as they 

 forever settle the differences that have existed as to the proper systematic 

 position which the louse occupies. 



