16 WATER FOWL OF INDIA AND ASIA. 
known. Both sexes have the same voice, and there is 
nothing peculiar about the structure of the windpipe in 
this sub-family. 
The: true Geese are all, confined to). thes Norther 
Hemisphere, and even in winter do not go so far 
south as many of the Ducks. 
Two species visit the Indian Empire commonly, the 
Gray and the Bar-headed, the other three being rare 
and occasional visitants. 
The general appearance of these birds being, as above 
stated, uniform and unmistakeable, I shall endeavour in 
the descriptions to note only the salient points ; and I 
wil try also to make the preliminary diagnosis of the 
species depend on characters which do not vary with age, 
soas toallow for theslight difference between the young 
and adults. We find then, that, of our six species :— 
The Bar-headed is at once distinguishable by its pale 
clear grey colour, almost a French grey. The rest are 
brownish grey or brown, except the Red-breasted. 
The fKed-breasied is mostly black or very dark 
brown, with the breast chestnut or buff and the bill 
and feet black. 
The Dwar/, as its name implies, is known from all 
the others, but the Red-breasted by its small size, 
which is only about that of a good big tame Duck, 
the bill being especially small, only about an inch anda 
half from corner of mouth (gafe) to tip. All the other 
Geese but the Red-breasted have beaks of two inches 
or Over. 
The Gray, on the contrary, is the biggest bird of the 
lot, with a bill of two inches and a half or over, without 
any black on it. 
The White-jronted has a two-inch bill, also without 
any black. 
The Pink-footed is distinguished from all the rest by 
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