8 Reviezv of the Genera whose Larynx has been already examined. 



membranous, and forms the outer membrane of the tympanum, between the concavities 

 of these two rings ; further on are half-rings. The simple vocal muscle arises from 

 the end of the trachea, where the lateral muscle of the trachea stops. The sterno- 

 tracheal muscles are of the usual form. 



In the same paper is a notice of the larynx of Opistliocomns cristatus, which has 

 no muscles '. 



V. Tschudi has described the trachea and organ of voice of Ceplmlo'pterus ornatus'^. 

 He points out that the trachea widens into a flattened tympanum 14'" long, and 7'" broad, 

 shortly beyond the upper larynx. Before the widening it has a diameter of 3'", after it 

 of 2'". The vocal muscle is simple, arises from the end of the trachea, and is inserted 

 into the fourth half-ring of the bronchi. 



Of the forms of Passerines peculiar to Africa, I have described the organ of voice 

 in Colius and Corythaix ^ Colius has a simple thick vocal muscle : Corytkalx has no 

 laryngeal muscle. 



Of the forms peculiar to the East Indies, and the Sunda Islands, we still know 

 very little. Stannins* has described the larynx of Podargus ; it has one simple muscle, 

 as in the allied Caprimidgus. 



Of the Australian Singing Birds Eyton has only examined a few species, namely 

 Mennra lijm, Cracticus tihicen, and Psophodes crepitans^. Menum is peculiar. Besides the 

 usual sternotracheal muscles it has two pairs of laryngeal muscles, the anterior inserted into 

 the end of the fourth bronchial ring ; the posterior into the three upper rings, 

 and the posterior ends of the fifth. The muscles are very strong. The author remarks, 

 that Menura agrees in the structure of its soft parts with the Insessores, and especially 

 with Gndl'im in the complex muscular arrangement of the lower larynx ; but the larynx 

 of Gralllna is not known, and it would have been well if the author had described 

 its muscles. PsopJwdes crepitans V. H. has five pairs of muscles, as have the Rooks 

 and Warblers ; Cracticus fihicen resembles the Corvidae in its vocal muscles. The suppo- 

 sition that the anatomy of the South American genus Thamnopldlus, which Eyton has 

 not examined, agrees with Psophodes, is not correct. 



Lesson and Garnot have examined two of the rare birds of New Guinea, Phonygama 



' Bericht der Akad. d. Wissensehaft z. Berlin, 184 1, p. 177 ; Miill. Archiv, 1842, p. 10. 



" Archiv f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1843, p. 473. 



^ Bericht der Akad. d. Wissensehaft z. Berlin, 1841, p. 179 ; Mull. Archiv, 1842, p. 11. 



* Lehrb. d. Vergl. .\nat. II. 2, Berlin, 1846, p. 321. 



' Annals of Nat. Hist. Vol. Ill, 1841, p. 49, VIII. p." 46. 



