lo New Investigations into the Distribution of the Vocal Muscles. 



found in the so-called muscular organ of voice ; but there is a far more muscular form 

 of voice-organ which produces tones in the highest degree harmonious and capable 

 of modulation, and yet is totally unlike in structure the so-called muscular organ 

 of voice. 



Most of the so-called Ampelidae of the Picarian type (Nitzsch) have only one 

 muscle, and are not Singing Birds. Gymnocephalus {G. calvus), Amjjelis or Cotinga [A. 

 pompadora), Bnpicola [R. cabana), and Phibaliira resemble Cephalopterus. All these birds have 

 only one, very slender, laryngeal muscle, which looks like a prolongation of the lateral 

 muscle of the trachea. 



The hitherto complex and varied family of the Ampelidae contains moreover birds 

 with the muscular organ of voice — viz. Bomli/cilla ; and further contains the most 

 extreme form of larynx known in birds, although constructed on a different model ; viz. 

 ChasmarhyncJins. 



The genus Lanius Cuv., which belongs to the family, contains Singing Birds, 

 and Picariae, mixed up with one another. The European, African, and American Zcmi, 

 and the Australian Bariia, or more correctly GymnorMna Gray ((?. fiiicen), are birds 

 with vocal muscles. The genera Psaris, Pachyrhamphus, and Thamnophilus have no 

 muscular organ of voice. Of the true Shrikes, with vocal muscles, America possesses 

 only Lanius, Vireo, and Cyclorhis Sw., of which the first two come from North America. 

 CyclorJiis is the sole representative of this family in South America. T/iamnoptiilus Vieill., 

 of which Cuvier knew so little, that he placed it with the true Lanii, has only one 

 laryngeal muscle, but a perfectly peculiar larynx in the trachea itself, which brings 

 it closer to several American Passerines, which have been placed with the Fly-catchers, 

 Thrushes, Wrens, and Tree-creepers. The sub-family Thamnophilini should not be placed 

 with these, since Malaconotus Sw. completely agrees, in its muscular organ of voice, 

 with the true Lanii. This genus Malaconotus is exceedingly ill defined, as are so 

 many that have been made without a knowledge of their anatomy. Indeed the single 

 muscle, and the peculiar larynx of Thamnophilus are found again in Myiothera, Conopophaga, 

 and Chamaeza, which have been placed with the Thrushes, or the Ant-catchers, of the 

 Old World. 



Furnarius, Cinclodes, Sytiallaxis, Xenops, Anabates, Tinaclor, and Bendrocolaptes, which 

 have been partly placed with the Thrushes and partly with the Tree-creepers, have 

 two laryngeal muscles on either side, while the peculiar larynx situated in their trachea, 

 unites them closely to Thamnophilus, Myiothera, Conopophaga, Chamaeza, and Scytalojma. 



The genus Muscicapa Cuv. presents great diflPerences from the arrangement found 



