76 APPENDIX: NO. L. 
In the mountains in the neighbourhood of Muonioniska, on Pallas- 
tunturi one could everywhere see the vegetation cropped off, and 
heaps of dung, which, as he afterwards found, shewed that the 
Lemmings had passed the preceding winter there. 
“At the time he visited that mountain range, in June, there was 
not, so far as he could see, a single one of these animals left, but he 
observed them in the valleys at the foot of the mountains. They 
spread but slowly. In August they began to cross over the Muonio 
river from the east—in which direction the mountains le—appa- 
rently not in compact bands, but as if each animal took its own way. 
That they were migrating also by night was evident from the reports 
_of the fish spearers, who often saw them swimming over the rivers 
and lakes. Afterwards on the Swedish side of the frontier, both on 
the high ground and in the valleys, in the forest and in the meadows, 
one saw them in all directions at all times of the twenty-four hours, 
but apparently they were settled and not on migration. They made 
paths in the grass and other vegetation, and seemed to house them- 
selves in holes in the sides of hillocks. ‘This was the case whenever 
he came across them, and they were quite evenly distributed over all 
these parts. When autumn came on and the snow was yet thin, 
they often ran over the surface, and even in the month of December 
at Karesuando, in an isolated place where the snow was partly blown 
away he saw them run in and out on the paths they had formed 
init. Afterwards, when the snow increased, the Lemmings were 
for the most part lost to sight. t 
“ But in spring when the snow again diminished he expected to 
see them once more. He was pretty sure that they could not have 
wandered away at that season, when it is always light, without being 
seen on the surface, especially as after the snow was encrusted they 
would not otherwise be able to go far. 
“‘ Nevertheless when the ground was completely bare there was 
nothing to be seen but large heaps of dung everywhere, generally 
at the openings of the burrows where the animals had sat for a great 
part of the winter, as was apparent from the remarkable accumu- 
lation of each heap. Entire dead bodies were however not plentiful, 
but the earth was strewed with a quantity of remains of their bodies, 
mostly headless, and, as he believed, the leavings of birds-of-prey 
from the previous autumn, for he had not the least ground for 
thinking that they ate one another. He only doubts whether the 
great number of Lemmings were not dead in their burrows, but 
unfortunately he did not make sufficiently careful investigation in 
that direction. There was not a single living Lemming to be found, 
though at Muonioniska he offered a reward for every one that might 
be brought to him. But in Karesuando, in the village itself, 
he got some in the summer of 1854, though they were very rare 
there. 
“From the whole country quite up to the Norwegian coast had 
the Lemmings disappeared, except as he has since been informed in a 
