APPENDIX: NOS. LY.—LVI. 85 
in the winter frozen fast. When a storm from the north comes, the 
level of the water is raised round Oland, and the ice lifts from the 
ground the stones which are attached to it. At the same time it may 
be partly broken up, and masses of it drifted to a considerable distance 
and subsequently stranded with the stones attached to them, or even 
driven up the shore by the field of ice pressing upon them, and 
heaped upon ice which had reached there previously. 
1 do not think that this explanation differs from that given by 
Sir Charles Lyell for similar phenonema. In the Lapland river 
Muonio I have myself seen stones of several hundredweight perched 
at the top of ice-heaps between 20 and 30 feet above the level of 
the water, where the spring-tlood has been opposed by islands lying 
In its way. 
The largest travelled block I saw upon Oland was also near 
Borgholm ; it was 28 feet long by 22 broad, and stood about 8 feet 
above the soil. It was flat and somewhat quadrangular at the top. 
Stockholm, 
30th June, 1856. 
LVI. 
On a FRESH [F'oRM oF CRYSTALLIZATION WHICH TAKES PLACE IN 
THE’ PARTICLES OF FALLEN SNOW UNDER INTENSE COLD. 
[Report of the Twenty-eighth Meeting of the British Association for the Advance- 
ment of Science; held at Leeds in September 1858. Transactions of the 
Sections, pp. 40,41. London: 1859.] 
In passing a winter in Lapland, it is impossible, whether in observing 
the tracks of animals, or merely considering day by day the condition 
of the roads for sledging, or of the snow for the use of snow-skates, 
not to be struck by the very variable character of the snow, partly 
caused by winds and fresh falls, partly by the condition of the rime 
or hoar frost upon the surface, but mainly, as it is soon found, by an 
alteration in the character of the mass of fallen snow. 
In Lapland, as elsewhere, the snow as it falls is of several kinds. 
But whatever its character, it at first lies more or less lightly on the 
ground, and if the weather is still and not very cold, it may so 
remain for days ; but if the cold increases, the snow rapidly sinks ; 
it becomes at first like sand, is crisp to the tread, bears the smaller 
animals, and soon becomes suitable for the skidor or snow-skates. 
When the cold has continued, probably many degrees below zero of 
Fahrenheit, for two or three weeks, not necessarily consecutive (the 
phenonema are more especially to be observed in the cold months of 
January and February), the snow beneath the surface is found to be 
made up of large pieces of a quarter or third of an inch in diameter, 
glittering in the sunshine, clear, heavy, highly moveable upon one 
