88 APPENDIX: NOS. LVIII.—LIX. 
blew upon them, and fixed them on levers that he might wave them 
with greater force through the air; and at the same time he made 
more careful observations than he had before done of the living 
birds in the breeding season. In short, in him the obscure hint 
was thrown upon fruitful ground, whilst in a hundred other minds 
it had failed to come to life. At my invitation, M. Meves wrote 
for the Zoological Society of London the paper which I have here 
translated. 
LVIII. 
On tHE BREEDING OF THE SMew (Merevs aczezzvs, L.). 
[‘ The Ibis,’ 1859, pp. 69-76.] 
[This paper is already printed above, vol. ii. pp. 619-625. ] 
LIX. 
On THe BReepING OF THE CrANE (Gaus crverzra) IN LarLann!. 
(‘The This,’ 1859, pp. 191-198.] 
Ix common with, I believe, most people interested in such matters, 
I was long entirely in ignorance as to the condition in which the 
young Crane (Grus cinerea) would be found on first leaving the egg, 
whether helpless like a young heron, or able to run about lke the 
young of most waders and of galliaceous birds. The late Prince 
Charles Bonaparte had inclined to think they would long continue 
nestlings ; Mr. Gould, as he assured me, had always opposed the 
probability of this opinion. 
It was on the 15th June, 1853, that I entered the marsh which 
the well-known Pastor Leestadius had told me was the most northern 
limit in Lapland of the breeding of the Crane. It is in Swedish 
territory, being on the west side of the frontier river, opposite the 
Finnish (Russian) village of Yli Muonioniska, in about lat. 68°, 
that is, some distance within the Arctic Circle. ‘This great marsh, 
called “ Jso woma,” is mostly compvsed of soft bog, in which, unless 
where the Bog-bean grows, one generally sinks up to the knees, 
or even to the middle ; but it is mtersected by long strips of firmer 
bog-earth, slightly raised above the general level, and bearing 
creeping shrubs, principally of sallow and dwarf birch, mixed in 
1 [This paper has been before mentioned in the body of the work (ii. p. 57), where 
the original notes on which it is based are printed (§§ 3176-3181), but I believe 
readers will not object to their repetition on reading the whole story in connected 
form. | 
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