246 MAMMALIA OF INDIA. 
the size of the Indian fox. Jerdon suggests that it may be a variety of 
the last species, dwarfed by a warmer climate, but Blyth and others keep 
it apart. 
No. 255. VULPES FLAVESCENS. 
The Persian Fox. 
Native Names.—TZilke, at Yarkand ; Wamu, Nepalese. 
Hapirat.—FEastern Turkestan, Ladakh, Persia, and, according to Gray, 
Indian Salt Range ; Thibet. 
DEsSCRIPTION.—Fulvous, darker on back, very similar to V. montanus, 
only more generally rufous and paler, with longer hair and larger teeth ; 
face, outer side of fore-legs and base of tail pale fulvous ; spot on side of 
face, chin, front of fore-legs, anda round spot on upper part of hind foot 
blackish ; hairs of tail tipped black ; ears externally black ; tail tipped 
largely with white. The skull of one mentioned by Mr. Blanford had 
larger auditory bullz than either the European fox or V. montanus. 
No. 256. VULPES GRIFFITHII. 
The Afghanistan Fox. 
This was at first reckoned by Blyth as synonymous with the last, but 
was afterwards separated and renamed. It is stated by Hutton to be 
common about Candahar, where the skins are made into reemchas and 
Poshteens, the price in 1845 being about six annas a skin. 
MARINE CARNIVORA. 
WE disposed of the land Carnivora in the last article, and now, before 
proceeding to the Cetacea, I will give a slight sketch of the marine 
Carnivora, of which, however, no examples are to be found on the 
Indian coasts. The Pinnipedia or Pinnigrada are amphibious in their 
habits, living chiefly in the water, but resorting occasionally to the land. 
There are some examples of the land Carnivora which do the same— 
the polar bear and otter, and more especially the sea-otter, Exhydra 
futris, which is almost exclusively aquatic, but these are all decidedly 
of the quadrupedal type, whereas in the amphibia we see the approach 
to the fish form necessary for their mode of life. The skeleton reveals 
the ordinary characteristics of the quadruped with somewhat distorted 
limbs. The bones of the forelimbs are very powerful and short, a broad 
scapula, short humerus and the ulna and radius are stout, parallel to 
each other, and the latter much broader at the base; often in old 
animals the two are ankylosed at the joint, which is also the case with 
the tibia and fibula. The hip-bones are narrow and much compressed, 
