384 | MamMatiA OF INDIA. 
externally visible peculiarities. The trunk of the elephant differs some- 
what from other nasal prolongations, such as the snouts of certain 
insectivora, which are simply development of the nasal cartilages. The 
nasal cartilages in the Proboscidea serve merely as valves to the entrance 
of the bony nares, the trunk itself being only a pipe or duct leading 
to them, composed of power- 
ful muscular and membranous 
tissue, and consisting of two 
tubes, separated by a septum. 
The muscles in front (/evatores 
proboscidis), starting from the 
frontal bone, run along a 
semicircular line, arching up- 
wards above the nasal bones 
and between the orbits. They 
are met at the sides by the 
lateral longitudinal muscles, 
which blend, and their fibres 
run the whole length of the 
proboscis down to the ex- 
NO (I, tremity. The depressing mus- 
WINKS 0, \ \\ 7. 
i i ij Din \ cles (depressores proboscidis), 
}f Wy UV hig AHI) Or posterior longitudinals, arise 
GLY ae \ | from the anterior surface and 
lower border of the premaxil- 
laries, and form “ two layers 
of oblique fasciculi along the 
posterior surface of the pro- 
boscis ; the fibres of the super- 
ficial set are directed down- 
wards and outwards from the 
middle line. They do not 
reach the extremity of the 
trunk, but disappear by curvy- 
ing over the sides a little 
ZZ above the end of the organ. 
A. Muscles of Elephant’s Trunk. The fibres of the deeper set 
B. Cross-section of ditto. take the reverse direction, and 
are attached to a distinct 
tendinous raphe along the posterior median line” (‘ Anat. Ind. Elep.,’ 
Miall and Greenwood). ‘These muscles form the outer sheath of other 
muscles, which radiate from the nasal canals outwards, and which consist 
of numerous distinct fasciculi. Then there are a set of transverse muscles 
in two parts—one narrow, forming the septum or partition between the 
