UNGULATA. 397 
which are little upon the earth, but they are exceeding wise.” These 
are the ants, for they prepare their meat in summer, as we see here in 
India the stores laid up by the large black ant (Aa frovidens) ; the 
conies for the reason above given ; the locusts, which have no king, yet 
go forth by bands; and the spider, which maketh her home in kings’ 
palaces. 
ORDER UNGULATA. 
THESE are animals which possess hoofs ; and are divided into two 
sub-orders—those that have an odd number of toes on the hind-foot, 
such as the horse, tapir, and rhinoceros, being termed the PERisso- 
- DaACcTyLA; and the others, with an even number of toes, such as the pig, 
sheep, ox, deer, &c., the ARTIODACTYLA; both words being taken from 
the Greek ferissos and artios, uneven or overmuch, and even; and 
daktulos, a finger or toe. We begin with the uneven-toed group. 
SUB-ORDER PERISSODACTYLA. 
This consists of three living and two extinct families—the living 
ones being horses, tapirs, and rhinoceroses, and the extinct the Pale- 
theride and the Macrauchenide. I quote from Professor Boyd Dawkins 
and Mr. H. W. Oakley the following brief yet clear description of the 
characteristics of this sub-order :— 
‘In all the animals belonging to the group the number of dorso- 
lumbar vertebrz is not fewer than twenty-two; the third or middle 
digit of each foot is symmetrical; the femur or thigh-bone has a third 
trochanter, or knob of bone, on the outer side; and the two facets on 
the front of the astragalus or ankle-bone are very unequal. When the 
head is provided with horns they are skin deep only, without a core of 
bone, and they are always placed in the middle line of the skull, as in 
the rhinoceros. 
“In the Perissodactyla the number of toes is reduced to a minimum. 
Supposing, for example, we compare the foot of a horse with one of 
our own hands, we shall see that those parts which correspond with the 
thumb and little finger are altogether absent, while that which corres- 
ponds with the middle finger is largely developed, and with its hoof, 
the equivalent to our nail, constitutes the whole foot. The small splint 
bones, however, resting behind the principal bone of the foot represent 
those portions (metacarpals) of the second and third digits which 
extend from the wrist to the fingers properly so-called, and are to be 
