PoOEPHAGUS. 489 
GENUS POEPHAGUS—THE YAK. 
Somewnat smaller than the common ox, with large head ; nose hairy, 
with a moderate sized bald muffle between nostrils ; broad neck without 
dewlap ; cylindrical horns ; no hump or dorsal ridge, and long hair on 
certain parts of the body. Requires an intensely cold climate. 
No. 467. POEPHAGUS GRUNNIENS. 
The Yak or Grunting Ox. 
NatIvE Names.— Yak, Bubiul, Soora-goy, Dong, in Thibet ; Bun-chowr, 
Hindi ; 4rong-dong, 'Thibetan. 
Hapitat.—The high regions of Thibet and Ladakh, the valley of the 
Chang Chenmo, and the slopes of the Kara Koram mountains (A7voch). 
DEscRIPTION.—“ In size it is somewhat less than the common or 
domestic ox. The head is large, and the neck proportionally broad, 
without any mane or dewlap, having a downward tendency ; the horns 
are far apart, placed in front of the occipital ridge, cylindrical at the 
base, from which they rise obliquely outward and forward two-thirds of 
their length, when they bend inward with a semicircular curve, the 
points being directed to each other from the opposite sides; the muffle 
is small; the border of the nostrils callous ; the ears short and hairy. 
At the withers there is a slight elevation, but no protuberance or hump, 
as in the Indian ox. The dorsal ridge not prominent ; body of full 
dimensions ; rump and hinder parts proportionally large ; limbs rather 
small and slender; hoofs smooth, square, and well defined, not ex- 
panded as in the musk-ox ; anterior false hoofs small, posterior large ; 
tail short, not reaching beyond the houghs, naked for some inches at 
the root, very bushy, lax, and expanded in the middle ; colour black 
throughout, but varying in tint according to the character of the hairy 
covering ; this, on the anterior parts, the neck, shoulders, back, and 
sides, is short, soft, and of a jet-black colour, but long, shaggy, pendu- 
lous, and shining on the sides of the anterior extremities, and from 
the medial part of the abdomen over the thighs to the hinder parts” 
(Horsfield, ‘ Cat. Mam. Ind. Mus.’). 
GENUS BUBALUS—THE BUFFALOS. 
Horns very large, depressed and sub-trigonal at the base, attached 
to the highest line of the frontals, inclining upwards and backwards, 
conical towards the tip and bending upwards; muffle large, square. 
No hump or dorsal ridge; thirteen pairs of ribs ; hoofs large. 
