512 MamMattia OF INDIA. 
will frequent tolerably open tree-jungle for the sake of its shade, it will 
never venture into dense and matted underwood. When first started 
the pace of the thamyn is great. It commences by giving three or four — 
large bounds, like the axis or spotted deer, and afterwards settles down 
into a long trot, which it will keep up for six or seven miles on end - 
when frequently disturbed.” 
The next phase of development of which we have examples in India 
is the true cervine or elaphine type of horn in which the brow-tine is 
doubled by the addition of the bez ; the royal is greatly enlarged at the 
expense of the tres-tine, and breaks out into the branches known as the 
sur-royals. 
GENUS CERVUS. 
Horns as above, muzzle pointed, muffle large and broad, with a hairy 
band above the lip; hair coarse, and usually deep brown, with a light 
and sometimes almost white disc or patch round the tail, which is very 
short ; eye-pits moderate. 
No. 476. CERVUS CASHMIRIANUS. 
The Kashmir Stag. 
Cervus Wallichii of Jerdon (No. 217). 
Native Names.—Hangul or Honglu in Kashmir ; Barasingha, Hindi. 
Hapirat.—Kashmir. Jerdon also gives out that it is found through- 
out great part of Western and Central Asia, as far as the eastern shores 
of the Euxine Sea, and that it is common in Persia, where it is called 
maral;, but according to careful observations made by Sir Victor 
Brooke the mavra/ is a distinct species, to which I will allude further 
on. In Kashmir it frequents the Sind valley and its offshoots ; the 
country above also. ' 
DeEscrIPTION.—Brownish-ash, darker along the dorsal line; caudal 
disk white, with a dark border; sides and limbs paler; ears light 
coloured ; lips and chin and a circle round eyes white. ‘The male has 
very long and shaggy hair on the lower part of the neck. The colour 
of the coat varies but little ; at times it is liver-coloured or liver-brown, 
sometimes “ bright pale rufous chestnut,” with reddish patches on the 
inner sides of the hips. Jerdon says: ‘The belly of the male is dark 
brown, contrasting with the pale ashy hue of the lower part of the 
flanks ; the legs have a pale dusky median line. In females the whole 
lower parts are albescent.” 
Si1ze.—Length, 7 to 74 feet; height, r2 to 13 hands; tail, 5 inches. 
The horns are very large and massive, with from ten to fifteen, or even 
. 
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