518 MamMatiaA OF INDIA. 
TRIBE TYLOPODA—THE CAMELS. 
This name, which is derived from the Greek rvdos, a swelling, pad, 
or knot, and zovs, a foot, is applied to the camels and llamas, whose 
feet are composed of toes protected by cushion-like soles, and not by a 
horny covering like those of the Artiodactyli generally. The foot of 
the camel consists of two toes tipped by small nails, and protected by 
soft pads which spread out laterally when pressed on the ground. 
The two centre metacarpal bones are fused into one cannon bone, 
and the phalanges of the outer and inner digits which are more or 
less traceable in all the other families of the Artiodactyli are entirely - 
absent. 
The dentition of the camel too is somewhat different from the rest of 
the Ruminantia, for in the front of the upper jaw there are two teeth 
placed laterally, one on each side, whereas in all other ruminating 
animals there are no cutting teeth in the upper jaw—only a hard pad, on 
which the lower teeth are pressed in the act of tearing off herbage. 
The stomach of the camel is the third peculiarity which distinguishes 
it. The psalterium or manyplies is wanting. ‘The abomasum or “reed” 
is of great length, and the rumen or paunch is lined with cells, deep and 
narrow, like those of ahoneycomb, closed by a membrane, the orifice of 
which is at the control of the animal. ‘These cells are for the purpose 
of storing water, of which the stomach when fully distended will hold 
about six quarts. The second stomach or reticulum is also deeply 
grooved. 
The hump of the camel may also be said to contain a store of food. 
It consists of fatty cells connected by bands of fibrous tissue, which are 
absorbed, like the fat of hibernating bears, into the system in times of 
deprivation. Hard work and bad feeding will soon bring down a camel’s 
hump ; and the Arab of the desert is said to pay particular attention to 
this part of his animal’s body. 
There are two species of true camel, Camelus dromedarius, with one 
hump only, most commonly seen in India, and C. dactrianus, the two- 
humped camel, a shorter, coarser-looking, and less speedy animal. 
There never was a creature about whom more poetical nonsense has 
been written. He has been extolled to the skies as patient, long-suffer- — 
ing, the friend of man, and what not. In reality he is a grumbling, dis- 
contented, morose brute, working only under compulsion and continual 
protest, and all writers who know anything of him agree in the above — 
estimate of his disposition. The camel is nowhere found in a wild 
state. 
