Manis. 519 
ORDER EDENTATA. 
THESE are animals without teeth, according to the name of their order. 
They are however without teeth only in the front of the jaw in all, but 
with a few molars in some, the Indian forms however are truly edentate, 
having no teeth at all. In those genera where teeth are present there 
are molars without enamel or distinct roots, but with a hollow base 
growing from below and composed of three structures, vaso-dentine, 
hard dentine and cement, which, wearing away irregularly according to 
hardness, form the necessary inequality for grinding purposes. 
The order is subdivided into two groups: Zardzgrada, or sloths, and 
Liffodientia or burrowers. With the former we have nothing to do, as they 
are peculiar to the American continent. The burrowers are divided into 
the following genera: Janis, the scaly ant-eaters; Dasypus, the arma- 
dillos; Chlamydophorus, the pichiciagos ; Orycteropus, the ant-bears, and 
Myrmecophaga, the American ant-eaters. 
Of these we have only one genus in India; Manis, the pangolin or 
scaly ant-eater, species of which are found in Africa as well as Asia. 
GENUS MANIS. 
Small animals from two to nearly five feet in length; elongated 
cylindrical bodies with long tails, covered from snout to tip of tail with 
large angular fish-like scales, from which in some parts of India they are 
called dun-rohu, or the jungle carp ; also in Rungpore Keyot-mach, which 
Jerdon translates the fish of the Keyofs, but which probably means £/et- 
mach or field-fish—but in this I am open to correction. The scales over- 
lap like tiles, the free part pointing backwards. These form its defen- 
sive armour, for, although the manzs possesses powerful claws, it never 
uses them for offence, but when attacked rolls itself into a ball. 
In walking it progresses slowly, arching its back and doubling its 
fore-feet so as to put the upper surface to the ground and not the palm. 
The hind-foot is planted normally—that is, with the sole on the earth. 
The tongue is very long and worm-like, and covered with glutinous 
saliva ; and, much of this moisture being required, the sub-maxillary glands 
are very large, reaching down under the skin of the neck on to the chest. 
The external ear is very small, and internally it is somewhat compli- 
cated, there being a large space in the temporal bone which communicates 
with the internal ear, so that, according to Professor Martin-Duncan, 
one tympanum is in communication with the other. 
These animals sare essentially diggers. The construction of their 
