PHONETIC KEY 
It is necessary to preface this memoir with a key to the Tewa 
sounds and the symbols adopted to represent them. 
1. Orinasal vowels, pronounced with mouth and nose passages 
open: @ (Eng. father, but orinasal), # (Eng. man, but orinasal), 
é (moderately close e, orinasal), ¢ (Portuguese sim), ¢ (French pas, 
but orinasal), o (moderately close 0, orinasal), wu (Portuguese atwm). 
2. Oral vowels, pronounced with mouth passage open and nose 
passage closed by the velum: a (Eng. father), e (moderately close e), 
i (Eng. routine), o (moderately close 0), wu (Eng. rule). 
An inverted period after a vowel symbol indicates that the vowel 
is long. A superior vowel symbol indicates that the vowel is very 
short and grating (knarrstummig). The vowels are breathy, and 
unless followed by the glottal stop, a glottalized stop, or a voiced 
sound, an aspiration is distinctly heard toward the end. 
3. Semi-vowels: 7 (Ger. ja, but very fricative), w (Eng. way). 
4. Laryngeal consonants: A (laryngeal h), ’ (glottal stop, lénis). 
5. Dorsal consonants: k (voiceless lénis), kw (voiceless Jénis 
labialized, Latin quis), k (glottalized), k° (aspirated), g (Eng. finger, 
voiced inflative g preplosively nasal), g (Castilian abogado), gw 
(Castilian juez), y (Eng. singer), yw (Eng. Langworthy). 
In absolute auslaut y is somewhat palatal, also before ’ and h. 
Before frontal consonants y is assimilated to n, before labial con- 
sonants to m. 
6. Frontal consonants: 7% (Castilian mafana), t (voiceless ‘lénis), 
? (glottalized), t° (aspirated), d (Eng. landing, inflative d preplosively 
nasal), « (Japanese roku), ts (Ger. zehn, but very lénis), fs (Ger. 2, 
glottalized), s (Eng. saw), tf (Eng. chew, but lénis), f/f (Eng. chew, 
glottalized), f (Eng. ship) (f is the capital of /), n (Eng. now). 
7. Labial consonants: p (voiceless lénis),  (glottalized), 7, 
(aspirated), 6 (Eng. lambent, voiced inflative 6 preplosively nasal), 
6 (Castilian caballo), m (Eng. man). 
The sound of / is heard in some words of foreign origin, and in San 
Ildefonso polamimi, ‘butterfly’. 
The consonants may also be classified as follows: 
Voiced constringents: 7, w. 
Voiceless fricatives: h, s, f. 
Voiceless fricatives labialized: qw. 
I 
Ix 
