BRYOZOA. 255 
Aspidopora.] 
Taking Aspidopora in the sense above described, there is only one character 
(the other peculiarities being dependent upon it) that will distinguish it from 
Prasopora, namely, the thinness of the zoarial expansion and the consequent brevity 
of the zocecial tubes. That this is the mature condition of the zoaria is proved by 
finding hundreds of examples of some of the species, not one of which exceeds 1 mm. 
in thickness, though many of them may be over 25 mm. in diameter. Some may 
consist (see plate XVII, fig 17) of several layers in contact at limited points but 
really quite distinct from each other, and thus showing that, beyond the develop- 
ment of the individual layers, the method of growth is not the same as in Prasopora. 
In that genus the tubes, though perhaps presenting many immature and mature re- 
gions or layers, are continuous throught the zoarium, even if it be over 50 mm. in 
thickness. The tabulation of the two sets of tubes is essentially the same in the 
two genera, excepting that in Aspidopora it is altogether as in the immature regions 
of a Prasopora.* Perhaps some significance is to be attached also to the fact that 
only a few cystiphragms and no straight diaphragms occur in the zocecial tubes. 
Seven species are referred to Aspidopora as now defined. The next described, 
A. parasitica, is the oldest, and occurs in the lower and middle thirds of the Trenton 
shales. This species is also one of the earliest known phases of the type of structure 
that at this time was evidently being rapidly differentiated into true Prasopora and 
Mesotrypa. Before we can fully understand the relations of these groups of species 
to each other it is necessary to discdver the more primitive forms that are to 
be expected in the Chazy. The second species, A. elegantula, occurs in the Galena 
shales, and the five remaining, A. areolata Ulrich, A. newberryt Nicholson, sp., A. caly- 
cula (James) Nich., sp., A. eccentrica James, sp., and an undescribed species, in the 
lower two hundred feet of strata at Cincinnati, Ohio. 
AspipoporaA PARASITIGA Ulrich. 
PLATE XVII, FIGS. 26-32. 
Aspidopora parasitica (part.) ULRICH, 1886. Fourteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., p. 90. 
Zoarium parasitically attached to shells, Streptelasma profundum Conrad, and 
other foreign bodies, upon which it forms very thin, subcircular or irregular 
patches, 10 to 20 mm. in diameter, and 0.5 mm. or less in thickness. Zocecial walls 
very thin, apertures oval or circular, arranged in regular curved series around 
groups of cells distinctly larger than the average ; eleven or twelve of the latter in 
*In previous publications on this genus (lve. cit.) I did not mention the presence of cystiphragms because these structures 
seemed to be wanting in the type species. My present opinion is that the supposed diaphragms figured by me for A. areolata 
(op. cit,, vol, vi, p. 164), are really cystiphragms, in part incorrectly drawn, 
