BRACHIOPODA. 339 
Lingula elderi.] 
produced by a single pair of muscles extending across the ante-lateral region of the 
visceral area, and by the contraction of these, the valves are closed. The transmedian 
impressions, are made by a triple muscle, one band of which is on one side of the 
visceral area, the other two on the other side, the two lateral components crossing 
each other in passing from the posterior region of the pedicle-valve to the medio- 
lateral region of the opposite valve. By the action of these muscles the animal is 
able to slide apart the anterior and posterior extremities of its valves. The mus- 
cular region in each valve is surrounded by the parietal bands, which leave more or 
less distinct impressions upon the shell. 
“The anterior internal surface of each valve bears traces of two strong pallial 
sinuses, which nearly meet in the axial line before reaching the anterior margin. 
In front and behind are radiating vascular markings. 
“Shell substance composed of alternating lamellw of chitinous and calcareous 
material. 
“Type Lingula anatina Lamarck.” (Hall, op. cit.) 
Species of this genus had their origin in the St. Croix formation,* and thence 
lived through all geologic times. Several species are still living, usually in shallow 
water, of which ZL. anatina, the type of the genus, is the most abundant and widely 
distributed. 
Lineuta ELDERI Whitfield. 
PLATE XXIX, FIGS. 1-4 
1875-17. Lingula quadrata WINCHELL (non EICHWALD). Fourth Annual Report of the Geological 
and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, p. 49. 
1880, June. Lingula elderi WHITFIELD. American Journal of Science, third ser., vol. xix, p. 472, 
figs. 1, 2. 
1880, July. Lingula minnesotensis N. H. WINCHELL. Eighth Annual Report of the Geol. and 
Natural History Survey of Minnesota, p. 61. 
1882. Lingula elderti WHITFIELD, Geology of Wisconsin, vol. iv, p. 345, pl. xxvu, figs. 1-5. 
1892. Lingula elderi HALL. Paleontology of New York, vol. viii, pt. i, p. 11, pl. L, figs. 21, 22. 
Original description —* Shell oblong and subquadrangular in outline, with nearly 
or quite parallel lateral margins, which are but very slightly curved; anterior and 
posterior extremities subequal, the upper end being slightly angular at the apex and 
on the shoulders, while the front or posterior end is broadly rounded. Valves 
rather strongly convex, the dorsal or shorter valve being a little the more convex 
and the valve, as shown by the cast, frequently marked by a slight flattening, or 
even by a depressed longitudinal line along the middle of the front half.” Surface 
of the shell nearly smooth and glossy, marked by fine concentric lines of growth 
*This statement is based largely on professor James Hall’s late investigations as given on p. 6. Paleontology of New 
York, vol. viii. 1892. 
