350 THE PALEONTOLOGY OF MINNESOTA. 
[Lingula iowensis. 
description, there can be no doubt that the name JL. iowensis was applied by him to 
the widely distributed and characteristic Lingula of the Galena horizon. Professor 
Whitfield was the first to make use of Owen’s name; the following is a copy of his 
description, with our additions: ‘Shell large, broadly ovate, elliptical or subquad- 
rate in outline, generally a little narrower above the middle of the length than 
below ; upper end very obtusely angular, the cardinal slopes forming an angle with 
each other of about one hundred and twenty degrees; sides of the shell gently 
rounded, and the basal line more sharply rounded, but never truncate. Valves 
convex, the ventral most strongly so, and generally subangular along the middle. 
Ventral beak projecting a short distance beyond the dorsal, and more pointed. The 
cardinal margins of the ventral [as well as the dorsal] valve are infolded along 
their border, forming an imperfect cardinal area of a very perceptible width on 
well-preserved specimens.” These areas are striated, and immediately below the 
apex of each valve, the arched striz meet, forming in the ventral valve a very 
slight linear elevation. 
Gutta-percha impressions made from natural casts of the interior of the dorsal 
valve show a pronounced median septum, which is but slightly developed near 
the posterior end of the valve, and extends somewhat beyond the center of the 
shell, where it is strongly elevated, and terminates abruptly. On each side of the 
septum, for two-thirds of its length, are well-defined, progressive, concrete lateral, 
and central muscular scars, In the ventral valve, the median septum is faintly 
indicated, and does not extend beyond the progressive, lateral muscular scars, 
which are one-third the entire length of the valve. In front of these impressions, 
at the anterior end of the septum, are the small, middle lateral scars, which extend 
somewhat beyond the central muscular imprints on each side. 
“Surface of the shell marked by strong, irregular lines of growth at irregular 
distances, the outer margins of which are slightly raised and free, presenting a 
strongly lamellose appearance under a magnifier ; the spaces between being smooth 
and often polished. On exfoliated specimens, and more distinctly on internal casts, 
the surface is very strongly radiated by fine flattened, but irregular strive for from 
one-third to one-half the length of the shell, and on nearly the entire width along 
the basal line ; but a little higher on the sides they lose their regularity and become 
broken and wrinkled as well as more strongly divergent.” The strizw are confined 
to the internal surface of the valves. 
Lingula cincinnatiensis Hall and Whitfield is a closely related species, and may 
be a direct descendant from L. iowensis Owen. It differs from the latter in being 
usually more robust, the valves deeper or more convex, and in having the posterior 
portion of the shell more pointed. 
