BRACHIOPODA. 351 
Lingula beltrami.] 
Lingula quadrata, as identified by Hall,* and Billings,; we regard as identical 
with L. rectilateralis Emmons.{ This species occurs in the Trenton, Utica slate and 
Loraine groups of New York and eastern Canada, and differs but slghtly, if any, 
from L. iowensis Owen. The characteristic striated hinge areas of L. cowensis Owen 
and L. cincinnatiensis Hall and Whitfield have not been observed in L. rectilateralis 
Emmons. Should these parts eventually be discovered in the latter species, L. 
iowensis Owen will then give place to L. rectilateralis, as the latter has two years’ 
priority over the former. Professor Hall in 1847** regarded Emmons’ species as a 
synonym of L. quadrata Kichwald, while Whitfield}; regarded this form as identiccal 
with L. iowensis Owen. 
We have seen four specimens of typical Lingula quadrata Kichwald from Estho- 
nia in the collection of Mr. Ulrich, and these prove beyond a doubt that none of the 
American forms identified with this species are correctly named. The Russian species 
is larger, with very strongly convex valves and a more narrowly rounded anterior 
margin than in L. iowensis, L. rectilateralis, or L. cincinnatiensis Hall and Whitfield. 
Formation and locality.—Throughout the Galena horizon of Wisconsin, lowa and Minnesota. Some 
of the more prominent localities of Minnesota are Fountain, Mantorville, Kenyon, Aspelund and Hader. 
From the Hudson River group near Wykoff and Spring Valley, Minnesota, Mr. Ulrich has collected 
four specimens which apparently cannot be separated from this species. They may, however, prove to be 
dwarfed or young individuals of Lingula beltrami, since this species also occurs in the above mentioned 
region, 
Collectors.—W. H. Scofield, A. D. Meeds and the authors. 
Mus. Reg. Nos. 2372, 3389, 7677-7680, 
LINGULA BELTRAMI, 2. Sp. 
Fie, 25. Lingula beltrami. 
In form and convexity of valves this species closely resembles L. iowensis, but 
attains a larger size with greater convexity of valves and a more subquadrate 
anterior margin. From L. cincinnatiensis Hall and Whitfield§ it can readily be 
distinguished in being wider, with valves not quite so convex and the cardinal slopes 
*1847. Pal. New York, vol, i, p. 96, pl. Xxx, fig. 4; p. 285, pl. LXxrx, fig. 1. 
+1856. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. i, p. 319, fig. 8. 
#1842. Geology of New York; Report of the Second District, p. 399, fig. 6. 
** Loc. cit.. p. 285. 4+ Loe. cit., p. 242 
§ Lingulella (Dignomia) cincinnatiensis Hall and Whitfield, Pal. of Ohio, vol. ii, p. 67, pl. 1, figs. 2. 3; 1875. 
