BRACHIOPODA. 405 
Rafinesquina alternata.] 
1843. Orthis huronensis CASTELNAU. LEssai sur le Syst?me Silurien de l’Amérique Septentrionale, 
p. 37, pl xiv, fig. 6. 
1843. Orthis plana CASTELNAU (not PANDER). Ibidem, p. 38, pl. x1v, fig. 1. 
1844. Strophomena angulata? OWEN. Geological Explorations in Iowa, Wisconsin and Illinois, 
pl. xvu1, figs. 1, 3. 
1847. Leptena alternata HALL. Paleontology of New York, vol. i, pp. 102, 286, pl. xxxt, fig. 1; 
pl. xxxIA, fig. 1; pl. Lxxrx, fig. 2. 
1856. Strophomena alternata BILLINGS. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol, i, p. 204, figs. 3, 4. 
1858. Leptena alternata ROGERS. Geology of Pennsylvania, vol. ii, pt. i, p. 818, fig. 600. 
1860. Strophomena alternata BiLLInes. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. v, p. 51. 
1862. Strophomena alternata BILLINGS. Paleozoic Fossils, vol. i, p. 117. 
1863. Strophomena alternata BILLInes. Geology of Canada, p. 163, fig. 140. 
1865. Strophomena anticostiensis SHALER. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, vol. i, 
p. 62. 
1873. Strophomena alternata MKEK. Paleontology of Ohio, vol. i, p. 88, pl. vu, fig. 1. 
1875. Strophomena alternata MILLER. Cincinnati Quarterly Journal of Science, vol. ii, p. 51, 
1880. Strephomena alternata Wuitrk. Second Annual Report of the Indiana Bureau of Statistics 
and Geology, p. 481, pl. I, figs. 6, 7. : 
1881. Strophomena alternata WuitE. Tenth Report State Geologist of Indiana, p. 113, pl. 1, 
figs. 6, 7. 
1883. Strophomena alternata HALL. Second Annual Report N. Y. State Geologist, pl. xxxvumu, 
figs. 6-11. 
1887. Strophomena alternata SHALER. Fossil Brachiopoda of the Ohio Valley, p. 4, pls. 1, Im. 
1892. Rafinesquina alternata HALL. Paleontology of New York, vol. viii, p. 281, pl. viru, figs. 6-11. 
Conrad did not define nor describe this species, but gave it the Ms. name 
Leptena or Strophomena alternata, under which it became known to the geologists of 
the New York survey. Emmons published a figure of it in 1842, but Prof. Hall, in 
1847, was the first to describe it as Conrad’s species. In 1843, however, Castelnau 
described and illustrated the same species as Orthis huronensis, and were it not for 
the previously published figure of Emmons this name would have to be adopted. 
S. angulata Owen is probably a misprint for S. alternata, since the identification is 
queried, and his initial is not added to the name, as was Owen’s custom with all new 
species. 
The following detailed description is that of Meek, from which a few paragraphs 
relating to varieties have been omitted: “Shell attaining a large size, semioval, the 
breadth being nearly always greater than the length; hinge-line as long as the 
breadth of the valves at any point farther forward, or somewhat longer; lateral 
extremities rectangular, sometimes compressed and moderately deflected; lateral 
margins a little convex, or slightly sinuous posteriorly, and rounding forward to the 
front, which is semicircular in outline. 
“Dorsal valve flattened in the umbonal and cardinal regions, and gently or more 
or less strongly concave in the centra! and anterior portions, and curved upward 
around the anterior and lateral margins; beak small, but projecting slightly beyond 
the edge of the area, which is very narrow or sublinear, and directed nearly back- 
ward. Interior with cardinal process strong, directed obliquely forward, with its 
two divisions distinctly diverging, and flattened and longitudinally striated on their 
posterior faces; sockets for the reception of the teeth of the other valve rather well 
