xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS 



CHAPTER IV. 



PAGE 



Composition and Physical Characters of the Hydrosphere 145 



Composition of the Hydrosphere 145 



I. Salinity of the Sea 145 



Table Showing the Salinity of the Sea (146); Variation in the 

 Distribution of the Salt Content of the Oceans and Intra- 

 continental Seas (149) ; Variation in Salinity in Bay of Danzig 

 (151); Table Showing the Bathymetric Variations of Salinity 



in the Sea 146-152 



II. Composition of Lake Waters 154 



Table of Salinity of Various Lakes (154); Table Showing Ver-' 

 tical Range of Salinity in Dead Sea (156); Analyses of Types 

 of Lake Water (157); Table in Percentage of Total Solids of 

 Composition of Various Types of Natural Waters (158); 

 Composition of Saline Lakes in Percentage of Total Solids 

 (159); Table of Average Composition of Lake Waters. . . .154-161 



III. Composition of River Water 161 



Table Showing the Amounts in Permille of the Principal 

 Elements and Compounds occurring in Various River Waters 

 (162); Table Showing Salinity of other Rivers (162); Table 

 of Total Solids carried in Solution in Tons per Year (164); 

 Table Showing the Amounts of the Different Salts carried in 

 Solution in one Cubic Mile of Average River Water 162-164 



IV. Composition of Spring Water 165 



Table of Composition of Rain Water near London (165); 

 Impurities in Rain Water; Solids in Rain Water (166); 



Composition of Spring Water from the Sahara 165-167 



Classification of Natural Waters; Gases and Organic Matter in 



Natural Waters 169 



Table of Analyses of Spring and Well Waters (170); Com- 

 position of Dissolved Air in Rain Water at Different Tem- 

 peratures (170); Gases in a Liter of pure Water 1 70-1 71 



Organic Matter (172); Table of Organic Matter in Various 



Streams in Percentage of the Total Solids 172-173 



Chemical Work of the Natural Waters 1 74 



Solution; Cementation; Hydration; Oxidation; Carbonation. . 175-179 



Density and Specific Gravity of the Hydrosphere 179 



Variation in Osmotic Pressure in the Sea Water 180 



Temperature of the Hydrosphere 181 



Freezing Point of Water; Heat Capacity of Water 181 



Warming of the Water Body; Average Surface Tempera- 

 ture; Vertical variation of Temperature 182-183 



Temperature of the Sea •• 184 



Horizontal and Vertical Distribution of the Temperature in 

 the Three Great Oceans (184); Temperature of the Mediter- 

 raneans and Epicontinental Seas Dependent on the Large 

 Oceans (189); Temperatures of Dependent Seas (191); 

 Temperatures of the Arctic Ocean and its Dependencies 

 (192); Mean Temperatures of the Oceans and Intraconti- 

 nental Seas; Eutectic Temperatures (193); Range of Tem- 

 perature of the Oceans 184-194 



