TABLE OF CONTENTS xv 



PAGE 



Temperatures of the Terrestrial Waters 195 



Temperatures of Lakes, etc. (195); Classification of Lakes 

 According to Temperature (196); Freezing of Lakes (197); 

 Normal and Excessive Temperatures of Streams and of 

 Ground Water (199); Freezing of Rivers; Freezing of 

 Ground Water (200) ; Mechanical Work of Freezing Ground 

 Water (200) ; Thermal Springs (200) ; Magmatic or Juvenile 



Waters 195-201 



Optics of the Water 204 



Bibliography IV 206 



CHAPTER V. 

 Movements of the Hydrosphere and their Geological Effects. . . . 209 

 Waves 209 



Table Showing Relationships Between Wind Velocities and 

 Wave Height (213); Table Showing Relationship Between 

 Mean Wave and Wind Velocities (214); Relation Between 

 Length and Height of Wave (214); Classification of Waves 

 (214); The Swell or Ground Swell (215); Depth of Wave 

 Activity (216); Waves in Shallow Water (217); Destructive 

 Work of Waves (220) ; Rounding and Sorting of Detritus 

 by Wave Action 213-226 



Tides 226 



Comparison of Tides and Waves (228); Interference of 

 Tides; Tidal Scour and Transportation 228-231 



Marine Currents 231 



Currents of the Oceans (231); The Atlantic Ocean; the Arctic 

 Ocean; the Pacific Ocean; the Indian Ocean 231-238 



Currents in Mediterraneans and Epicontinental Seas 239 



Marine Currents in Relation to Migration and Dispersal, Past 



and Present (243) ; Depth of Current Action 243-244 



Lake Currents 244 



River Currents 244 



Velocities of River Currents (245); Erosive Power of 

 Rivers (246); Rate of Erosion; Transporting Power of 

 River Currents 245-247 



Table Showing Transportation of Material by Rivers 

 (248); Table of Velocities Required to stir up Bottom 

 Material (248); Table Showing the Size of Rock Frag- 

 ments Moved by Different Velocities of Currents 248-249 



Sorting Power of Rivers (252) ; Rounding of Sand Grains. . 252-253 

 Table Showing Coefficient of Psephicity of Minerals in 

 Air and Water (255) ; Table Showing Rounding of Sands 

 of Moray Firth (256); Table Showing Rounding of 



Sands of Culbin Dunes 255-256 



Movement of Underground Waters 257 



The Underflow (258) ; Rate of Flow of Underground Water 

 (259) ; Table Showing Permeability of Various Soils (259) ; 

 Pervious and Impervious Strata (260) ; The Deeper Zones 



of Flow 258-260 



Springs , 261 



