xviii TABLE OF CONTENTS 



PAGE 



Table Showing Successive Crystallization resulting from 



the Evaporation of the Waters of Owens Lake 362 



Borax and Borates (363) ; Deposits of Nitrates (364) ; Other Min- 

 erals Deposited under Desert Climates 363-365 



Origin of the Saline Deposits 365 



vSources of Sodium Chloride (366); Marine; Leaching of Salt 

 from Older Formations and its Segregation (366); Sources of 

 Calcium vSulphate (368); Sources of Alkaline Carbonates 

 (369); Sources of Boric Acid and Borates and of Nitrates. .366-370 



Summary 370 



Ancient Salt Deposits 371 



The Stassfurt Salts (371); The Siluric Salts of North America 



(376); The Salt Domes 371-379 



Bibliography IX 380 



CHAPTER X. 

 Morphology and Lithogenesis of the True Organic or Biogenic 



Rocks. Zoogenic Deposits 384 



Coral and Other Reefs 385 



Characters and Development of Modern Coral Reefs 386 



Types of Modern Coral Reefs 386 



Factors Limiting the Distribution of Modern Coral Reefs (389); 

 Depth of Water; Intensity of Light; Temperature; Other Phys- 

 ical Conditions 389-392 



Composition and Structure of the Reef (393); Materials Com- 

 posing the Reef (393) ; Structure of Coral Reefs (396) ; Cavernous 

 character of reefs (401); Characters of Epicontinental reefs. .393-402 

 Theories of Origin of Types of Coral Reefs (407); Subsidence 

 Theory of Darwin (408) ; Evidence of Subsidence (409) ; The 

 Spreading Ring Theory of Murray (410); Multiple Origin of 



Reefs 407-41 1 



Rate of Growth of Reef Organisms 411 



Compacting Agents of the Coral Reef 413 



Destruction of the Coral Reefs (414); Formation of Coral and 



other Organic Lime-Sand and Mud 414 



Fossil Coral and Stromatopora Reefs 417 



Cambric and Pre-Cambric (417); Ordovicic 417-418 



Siluric (418) ; Niagaran Reefs of Wisconsin (418) ; Siluric Reefs of 



Gotland (420); Upper Siluric Reefs of North America 418-422 



Devonic Coral Reefs (423) ; Lower Devonic Reefs of Konjepruss, 

 Bohemia (423) ; The Onondaga Reefs of New York (424) ; Middle 

 Devonic Reefs of Michigan (426) ; Devonic Reefs of the Attawa- 

 pishkat River, Canada (430); Middle Devonic Reefs of the Eifel 



and Belgium 423-430 



Mississippic Reefs (431); Mississippic Reefs of Belgium; Missis- 



sippic Reefs of Great Britain 431-432 



Fossil Reefs of Bryozoa and other Organisms 433 



Bryozoan Reefs of the German Zechstein (433); The Triassic 

 Reefs of the Tyrol (434); The Jurassic Reefs of Solnhofen (437); 

 The Sponge Reefs of the Swabian Jura (442); Miocenic Reefs of 

 the Austro-Russian Border (442); Pliocenic Bryozoa Reefs of 

 Kertch 433-443 



