xii TABLE OF CONTENTS 



PAGE 



Temperature of the Atmosphere 29 



Distribution of Heat within the Earth's Atmosphere 30 



Geological Work of Heat and Cold — Changes in Temperature 



(31); Insolation and Radiation; Frost Work 31-34 



Chemical Work of the Atmosphere 34 



Oxidation (35) ; Red and Yellow Colors of Soil due to Oxidation 



(36) ; Oxidation of Organic Compounds 35-37 



Hydration; Kaolinization (37); Dehydration; Carbonation 

 (38); Laterization (39); Influence of Temperature on Rock 



Decomposition 37-40 



Movements of the Atmosphere. Winds 40 



Isobars; Direction of Movements of the Air (41); Influence of 

 Continents on Winds (44); Sea Breezes; Land Breezes; Mon- 

 soons 41-45 



Cyclones and Anticyclones (46); Whirlwinds and Tornadoes 46-47 



The Influence of Mountains on Winds (47); Mountain and 

 Valley Winds (50) ; Velocities of Wind 47-50 



Eolation or Mechanical Work of the Atmosphere 51 



Wind Erosion and Translocation 52 



Corrasion (52); Facetted Pebbles (54); Deflation (55); Character 

 and Amount of Deflational Denudation (57) ; Distance of Eolian 

 Transportation (58); Volume of Dust Falls (60); Sorting and 

 Rounding of Sand Grains by Wind 52-61 



Condensation and Precipitation of Atmospheric Moisture 62 



Dew, Frost, Clouds and Fogs ; Rain, Snow and Hail 62-63 



Amount of rainfall (63) ; Relation of Evaporation to Rain- 

 fall (65); Influence of Winds and Topography on Rainfall 

 (66) ; The Equatorial Belt of Calms and Variable Winds 

 (67); Latitude and Precipitation; Periodicity of Rainfall. .63-71 



Electrical Phenomena of the Atmosphere ^2 



Fulgurites 72 



Climate; Climatic Zones, Present and Past 74 



Solar Climates, Climatic Belts or Zones 74 



Physical Climate 75 



I. Marine or Oceanic Climate; 2. Coast or Littoral Climate; 



3. Interior Continental Climate; 4. Desert Climate; 5. 



Mountain Climate 75-77 



Climatic Provinces (77); Climatic Types based on Separate Atmo- 

 spheric Factors and on Agents (78); Climatic Zones of the Past 

 (78); Neumayr's CHmatic Zones of the Jurassic (79); Discussion 

 of the subject of Climatic Zones 77-79 



Rhythm of Climatic Changes (82); Indication of Climatic Changes 

 (83); Topographic Evidence of Change of Climate (83); Strati- 

 graphic Evidence of Change of Climate (84); Organic Evidence 

 of Change of Climate (85); i. Plants; 2. Animals 82-87 



Displacement of the Earth's Axis as a Cause of Climatic Changes. 90 



Origin of the Atmosphere 92 



Bibliography II 92 



