154 PRINCIPLES OF STRATIGRAPHY 



northeast, where fresh-water streams enter the basin, the salinity 

 may be as low as 7 permille. In the Straits of Kertch, connecting 

 the Azov and Black seas, the upper 5 meters of 10 permille salinity 

 flow outward, while the remainder ( 2 to 3 meters) represents the 

 inflowing water from the Black Sea. with 16 to 17 permille, the 

 isohaline surfaces lying higher in the east than in the west. In the 

 Red Sea the salinity decreases on the surface from 40.43 in the 

 north to 37.77 in the south. In the northern section the salinity 

 increases downward from 40.43 to 40.55 permille at the bottom (547 

 meters), and in the southern, from y/.y] to 40.41 permille at the 

 bottom (1.120 meters). In the greatest depth (2,160 meters) near 

 the middle, the salinity is 40.68 permille. 



II. CoMrosiTioN OF Lake Waters. 



The composition of the waters of enclosed basins varies greatly, 

 as does also the absolute salinity, which is much greater than that of 

 the ocean in many cases, and less in still more numerous cases. 



The following table ( Russell-29, table C; Clarke-4) gives the 

 salinity of the surface layers of a number of enclosed waters in 

 permillages.* For comparison it should be remembered that the 

 permillage of average ocean water is 35. 



Table of Salinity of Various Lakes. 



A. Saline and Alkaline. 



Permille. 



1. Tinetz Lake, a residue lake of the Caspian 289.000 



2. Karaboghas (Karabugas) Gulf * . . . . 285 . 000 



3. Elton Lake, Russia f 270.627 



4. Indevsk Lake 261 . 530 



5. Bogdo Lake, Russia 256 . 750 



6. lUyes Lake, Hungary 233 . 747 



7. Great Salt Lake, Utah (1892) 230.355 



8. Owen's Lake, Cal., 1905 (triple alkali) 213 . 700 



9. Urmiah Lake, Persia 205 . 500 



10. Black Lake, Hungary 195 . 300 



11. Dead Sea (maximum) 192. 153 



i2. Great Salt Lake, Utah (1889) 167 . 160 



3. Lake Domoshakovo, Siberia 145 . 500 



14. Great vSalt Lake, Utah (1877) 137.900 



15. Soda Lake, near Ragtown, Nevada (triple alkali) 113.644 



16. Goodenough Lake, British Col. (alkah carbonate) 103.470 



17. Sevier Lake, Utah 86 . 403 



18. Borax Lake, Cal. (alkaH, carbonate-chloride) 76.560 



* Equivalent to grams per liter of water, 

 t Average of 3 analyses. 



