COMPOSITION OF LAKE WATERS 157 



ceding, but having its magnesium salts concentrated from prolonged 

 evaporation, sodium chloride having crystallized out. The Dead 

 Sea (Bj) and Elton Lake, Russia (Bo), are examples. The third 

 group is characterized by sulphate waters, there being, however, no 

 distinct line of demarcation between this and the last group. Sevier 

 Lake, Utah (C^), and Lake Domoshakovo, Siberia (Co), show ex- 

 tremes. A somewhat different group comprises the sulphate- 

 chloride waters of the Caspian and the Aral Sea (Dj), which show 

 a falling off of the alkaline metals and an increase in calcium and 

 magnesium, while the sulphates approach the chlorides. The bit- 

 terns of this type differ from the natural or normal bitterns 

 (Bj, B2) in the proportion of sulphates. This is shown in the analy- 

 ses of the waters of the Karabugas Gulf (Do) and of Issyk-Kul 

 Lake (D3). Siberia. An extreme case representing a subgroup is 

 shown in Lake Chichen-Kanab, Yucatan (D^). 



The alkaline lakes comprise, first, a group in which the car- 

 bonates are largely in excess of all other salts, constituting the 

 typical carbon zvaters. Goodenough Lake, British Columbia (E^), 

 and Palic Lake, Banat, Hungary (Eo), are examples. A second 

 group of alkaline waters is the carbonate-chloride group, these two 

 salts predominating, while sulphates are present in subordinate 

 quantity. Humboldt Lake, Nevada (F^), Albert Lake, Oregon 

 (Fo), and Pyramid Lake, Nevada (F3), are examples of this type. 

 "Triple" waters, in which chlorides, sulphates and carbonates are 

 present in notable quantities, constitute the next group. Owens 

 Lake, Cal. (G^), and Soda Lake, Nevada (Go), are examples of this 

 type. Finally, the waters of two sulphate-chloride lakes of a mod- 

 erate alkaline character, Lake Biljo (H^) and Lake Koko-Nor (Ho), 

 are included, and the corresponding constituents of the sea are also 

 given ( I ) . ( Clarke-4 -.118- ij8. ) 



Analyses of Types of Lake Water. 



I. Saline Lakes. 



Ai Great Salt Lake (1877) nonnal chloride waters. 

 A2 Illeyes Lake, Hungary, normal chloride waters. 

 Bi Dead Sea, natural bittern. 

 B2 Elton Lake, Russia, natural bittern. 

 Ci Sevier Lake, Utah, sulphate waters. 

 C2 Lake Domoshakovo, Siberia, sulphate waters. 

 Di Aral Sea, sulphate-chloride waters. 

 D2 Karabugas Gulf, sulphate-chloride bittern. 

 D3 Issyk-Kul Lake, Siberia, sulphate-chloride bittern. 

 D4 Lake Chichen Kanab, Yucatan, sulphate-chloride bittern. 



