192 PRINCIPLES OF STRATIGRAPHY 



generally warmer bottom waters of this sea will influence the tem- 

 peratures of the adjoining funnel sea. This is shown in the ab- 

 normally high temperatures of the Gulf of Cadiz and that of Aden. 



Temperatures of the Arctic Ocean and Its Dependencies. 

 Through the entrance over the Wyville-Thomson ridge of the warm 

 waters of the gulf stream, the eastern part of the Greenland Sea has 

 a surface temperature of -\-6° to -\-2° in summer and something 

 over 4-7° in winter. On reaching the latitude of Spitzbergen the 

 main branch, much cooled, sinks beneath the cold but less dense ice- 

 bearing East Greenland stream and turning southwestward pro- 

 duces the mesothermal stratification of this part of the waters as 

 far as the ridge in Denmark Straits, across which the warm water 

 still is able to pass. Midway between Spitzbergen and Greenland 

 (78° 13' N. lat., 2° 58' W. long.) the temperature is still 3.1° and 

 decreases more or less regularly to — 1.3° C. at the bottom (2,690 

 m.). Seven degrees farther south, near the center of the East 

 Greenland Sea (71 °N. lat., 5° 9' W. long.), a thin surface layer 

 of warmer water has a temperature decreasing from -)-4.6° at the 

 surface to -{-2.0° at 2c, meters, below which lies arctic water from 

 — 1.6° at 50 m. to — 1.9° at 75 m., and decreasing to — 1.3° at 

 1,516 meters. On the east coast of Greenland (74° 38' N. lat., 15° 

 3' W. long.), in the cold East Greenland stream, the surface tem- 

 perature of — 0.95° decreases to — i-53° at 50 m. depth, and then 

 increases again at the bottom (277 m.) to +0.70°, showing the in- 

 fluence of the warm submerged Gulf Stream drift from 180 m. 

 downward. In Denmark Straits west of Iceland and a little below 

 the Arctic circle (66° 25' N. lat., 25° 50' W. long.) the surface 

 temperature of + i-7° sinks to — .1.4° at 20 m., to — 1.6° at 30 m., 

 and rises again to — 0.8° at 40 m., these temperatures representing 

 the East Greenland stream. Then at 50 meters the temperature sud- 

 denly rises to +5.3°, increases to -[-6.3° between 75 and 100 m., and 

 then sinks again to +5.0° at 300 m., then more rapidly to — 0.5° 

 at 600 m., and to — 1.1° at 650 m., the bottom. Where the water is 

 strongly and normally influenced by the Gulf Stream drift only an 

 anothermal arrangement occurs, as north of the Faroe Islands (63° 

 22' N. lat., 5° 29' W.^long.), where the temperature sinks from 

 -{- 10.0° C. at the surface to — 1.2° at 2,222 fathoms. The measure- 

 ments above given were made in the summer ; for the winter months 

 the temperature in the upper 100 meters is much lower, the differ- 

 ence amounting at the surface, between July and April, to six 

 degrees. 



In general the temperature of the East Greenland Sea below 

 600 m. is down to 0°, while from 800 or i.ooo m. to 3,800 m. homo- 



