644 PRINCIPLES OF STRATIGRAPHY 



Otto Kriimmel (S5' ^5^) has made a threefold division of 

 marine sediments, modifying the classification of Murray and 

 Renard as follows : 



Kriimmel's Classification of Marine Deposits. 



I. LITTORAL OR NEAR LAND DEPOSITS. 



1. Strand or shore deposits. 



2. Shelf (shallow water) deposits: 



Each comprises boulder, gravel, sand, and mud deposits, which according 

 to their source are clastic, volcanic, biogenic, chemical (halmyrogenic) and 

 glacial. 



II. HEMIPELAGIC OR DEEP SEA TERRIGENOUS DEPOSITS. 



1. Blue and red mud (including volcanic mud). 



2. Greensand and green mud. 



3. Lime sand and lime mud: 



(Subdivisions as under littoral.) 



III. EUPELAGIC DEPOSITS DISTANT FROM LAND. 



A. Epilophic deposits (formed on the submarine ridges and swells). 



(a) Calcareous deep sea ooze. 



1. Globigerina ooze. 



2. Pteropod ooze 



(b) Siliceous deep sea ooze. 



3. Diatomaceous ooze. 



B. Abyssal deposits: 



4. Deep sea red clay 



5. Radiolarian ooze 



Since diatomaceous oozes have been found at depths of 5,000- 

 6,000 meters, and Globigerina ooze is sometimes fotmd in depths 

 greater than that where red clay accumulates, the subdivisions of the 

 Eupelagic deposits as given by Kriimmel are hardly satisfactory 

 (Philippi-69). Andree (4) suggests dividing Kriimmel's Group 

 III into calcareous and noncalcareous (siliceous), the former com- 

 prising Globigerina ooze, with Pteropod ooze as a facies, the latter 

 diatomaceous ooze and the deep-sea red clay with the radiolarian 

 ooze as a facies of the latter. This entire class, with the exception 

 of the red clay, has been discussed under organic deposits or 

 biogenics (Chapter X). 



The distinction between areas of deposition and types of de- 

 posits must be clearly kept in mind. The former, as we have seen, 

 comprise (i) the littoral district, with its two zones, (a) the shore 

 and (b) the neritic zones; (2) the bathyal district and (3) the 

 abyssal district. Oceanic deposits must be classified first as to their 



