CLASSIFICATION OF TYPES 919 



I. Among tlie primary types a holotype is the original speci- 

 men selected as the type, and from which the original description 

 (protolog), or the original illustration (protograph), is made. 

 A cotype (syntype) is a specimen of the original series when there 

 is no holotype. the describer having used a number of specimens 

 as of equal value. 



A paratypc is a specimen of the original series when there is a 

 holotype. When the original describer selected one specimen out 

 of the number used to be the type par excellence, i. e., the holotype, 

 the remainder of the specimens used in the original description con- 

 stitute the paratypes. 



A lectotype is a specimen chosen from the cotypes subsequently 

 to the original description to represent the holotype. 



II. Among the supplementary types : 



An autotype ( heautotype) is a specimen not belonging to the 

 primary or proterotype material and identified with an already 

 described and named species and selected by the nomenclator him- 

 self for the purpose of further illustrating his species. 



A plesiotxpe is a similar specimen but selected by some one 

 else than the original describer of the species. 



A iieotype is a specimen identified with an already described 

 and named species, and selected to represent the holotype in case 

 the original material (all the proterotypes ) is lost or too imperfect 

 for determination. A neotype must be from the same locality and 

 horizon as the holotype or lectotype which it represents. 



III. Among typical specimens or Icotypes : 



A topotype is a specimen (not used in the literature) from the 

 same locality and horizon as the holotype or lectotype. 



A uietatxpe is a topotype identified by the nomenclator himself. 



An idiot\'pe is a specimen ( not used in the literature ) identified 

 by the nomenclator himself, but not from the original locality or 

 horizon of the holotype or lectotype with which it is identified, i. e., 

 not a topotype. 



A houwtype {homxotype) is a specimen (not used in the litera- 

 ture) identified by a specialist, after comparing with the holotype 

 or lectotype. 



A chirotvpe is a specimen upon which a chironym or manuscript 

 name (a name never published) is based. 



ly. Casts of tvi)e material ( plastotypes) may be used or not 

 in descriptions or illustrations. They are accordingly holoplasfo- 

 txpe or any other protoplastotype. Jlypoplastotypes and icoplasto- 

 fxpes also may be made, but are generally of comparatively little 

 value. 



