HIGHER GROUPS THAN GENERA 921 



removed is to be taken as the type of the restricted genus, the new 

 name appHed to it becoming a synonym. 



The application of tlie first species rule to the determination 

 of the type of the genus may lead to a great many unnecessary and 

 undesirable changes, but where possible it is best applied, as being 

 the most readily carried out. Where, however, this would lead to 

 confusion in the nomenclature, the elimination rule is best followed. 

 (For illustration and discussion see Stone-26; Allen-12 and sub- 

 sequent articles in Science.) 



Union of Genera into Groups of Higlier Taxojiouiic Value. 



Sub-families, Families, Super-families. Genera are united in- 

 to families, the name of the family being generally derived from its 

 principal genus or the one longest known. The termination of 

 families in zoology is generally idee (short i), as Terehratulidcu 

 from Terebratula. Families are often divided into sub-families, 

 the names of which terminate in iiuc (long i), as Terebratulimr. In 

 Botany the family generally ends in acece, as Rosacecc, but there are 

 a number of exceptions to this rule. Sub-families in botany end 

 in ece or inecc, the name in each case being derived from the prin- 

 cipal genus. Super-families — in which a small group of related 

 families are united, are sometimes made use of. The names of 

 these end in acea, the name being derived from the principal family. 

 Ex. : Terebratulacea. 



Sub-orders, Orders. The important division of next higher 

 rank is the order, which often comprises a number of sub-orders. 

 The names of these divisions have no uniform ending in zoology, 

 though the terminal letter is commonly a, the termination ata being 

 most common. Other terminations are : ia, oida or oidea, acea, era, 

 etc. In botanical nomenclature the orders end in ales. 



Groups of Higlier Rank. Above the orders we have in ascend- 

 ing rank : (super-orders), (sub-classes) classes, (sub-types) phyla 

 (or tvpes), sub-kingdom, kingdom. When a taxonomic division 

 of higher rank takes its name from a genus the name of which is 

 afterward found to have been preoccupied, and so has to be 

 changed, the name of the higher division must also be changed. 



The law of priority is not strictly applied to names of divisions 

 of higher rank than genera, since newly discovered facts often 

 make a change in the classification necessary when the substitution 

 of a new for an old term becomes desirable. A uniform termina- 

 tion for the names of divisions higher than families is much to be 

 desired. 



