922 PRINCIPLES OF STRATIGRAPHY 



Faunas and Floras. An association of all the animals in a given 

 locality constitutes the fauna of that locality, while a similar associa- 

 tion of the plants produces the flora. In the study of past geologic 

 epochs it is often necessary to speak of the totality of animal or 

 plant life in any given formation. This constitutes the fauna and 

 flora, respectively, of that formation. It matters not whether the 

 formation is great or small — whichever is considered — all the animal 

 remains found in that formation together make up the fauna of 

 that formation, and all the plant remains constitute its flora. To 

 designate the fauna and flora of a time period we may conveniently 

 employ the terms chronofauna and chronofiora, or chronobios for 

 both. Each chronofauna or flora comprises numerous geographic 

 faunas or floras, and these may be designated the loco fauna and 

 locoUora, or, in its 'entirety, the locobios. We must, of course, 

 realize that the terms fauna and flora refer to the assemblage of 

 animal and plant life as a whole, in the time-period of the forma- 

 tion, and at the locality where the formation now occurs, and that 

 therefore the fossil remains of a given bed do not adequately 

 represent the fauna or flora of that time, since luany types have 

 not been preserved. Hence the term fossil faunas is useful as in- 

 dicating that only a certain portion of the original fauna, i. e., that 

 preserved as fossils, is spoken of. Thus we may speak of the fossil 

 fauna of the Hamilton period of western New York, by which 

 we would mean that portion of the western New York loco fauna of 

 the Hamilton chronofauna which has been preserved. 



Table I. Subdivisions of the Plant Kingdom. 



Phanerogamous plants. 

 Phylum V. Spermatophyta or seed plants. 



Class 2. AngiospermcE (covered seed-plants). 



Sub-class 2. Dicotyledoneae (seed-leaves 2). 

 Sub-class I. Monocotyledone« (seed-leaves i). 

 Class I. GymnospermcB (naked-seeded plants). 

 Order V. Ginkgoales 

 Order IV. Gnetales (joint firs). 

 Order III. Coniferales. 

 Family 2. Pinaceae. 

 Family i. Taxaces. 

 Order II. Cycadales (cycads, sago palms). 

 Order I. Cordai tales (Cordaites). 



Cryptogamous plants. 

 Phylum IV. Pteridophyta or Fern Plants (Vascular Crj^ptogams). 

 Class 6. Felicina. 



Order IV. Marattiales (Ringless Ferns). 

 Order III. Feliciales (True Ferns). 



