BIOGKOGRAI^HICAL PROMNCES 1057 



Former Marine Geographic Provinces. 



The most elaborate attempt ■ to divide the world into marine 

 zoogeographical provinces for one of the past geological periods of 

 the earth's history is that of the late X'ictor Uhlig of Vienna, in 

 his "Die marinen Reiche des Jura untl der Untern Kreide" (52). 

 He recognizes at least four large faunal districts, based mainly on 

 the distribution of fossil cephalojjods, namely : 



1. The boreal. 



2. The Mediterranean — Caucasian. 



3. The Himamalayian. 



4. The Japan Province. 



5. The South Andine realm. 



The boreal realm of the Jurassic time originally defined by 

 Neumayr was circumpolar in the arctic region with extensions into 

 the heart and the northern region of Russia to the east of the Urals 

 and westward to Greenland, including the Urals and Scandinavia 

 as probable islands. A narrow southward extension included the 

 region of the Lena River and the lower Amur. The Pacific ex- 

 tension of this realm comprises Alaska and the western coast of 

 America (California, Nevada, etc.) to the head of the Gulf of Cali- 

 fornia and with an epicontinental lobe extending into Montana, 

 Wyoming. Idaho and eastward to the Black Hills (Logan Sea). 

 This region has been separately named the North Andine Province. 

 On the whole, the boreal was a shallow sea, with a peculiar and 

 uniform fauna. Coral reefs were conspicuously absent. 



The Mediterranean-Caucasian realm comprised the expanded 

 Mediterranean area, which extended eastward to the borders of 

 India and northward to the Caucasus Mountains. It included the 

 Jurassic formations of the Alps. Between it and the Boreal realm 

 of Russia lay _^the mid-European province of Neumayr, which, by 

 Haug, Uhlig, and others, .is regarded as a neritic border zone of 

 the deeper Mediterranean sea. The characteristic genera of am- 

 monites of the Mediterranean realm ( Phylloceras, Lytoceras) are 

 regarded by Haug as stenothermic and able to live only in the 

 deeper waters where temperature changes are slight ; while the 

 other genera were eurythermic and so had a Vx'ider distribution. 



The Himamalayian realm comprised northern India and the 

 Himalayan region, and extended thence to the Malay archipelago. 

 In it are recognizable an argillo-arenaceous and a calcareous facies, 

 a part of the latter being often considered as abyssal. Two related 



