Zooruyra. | UPPER PAL/EOZOIC RADIATA. 105 
Position and Locality.—In the red carboniferous limestone of Arnside, Kendal; also near Bakewell, 
Derbyshire, in the limestone of the same age. 
Explanation of Figures—P\. 3. B. fig. 5.—Natural size, from Arnside, shewing the rapid increase of 
the young.—Fig. 5a. Do. Vertical section magnified three diameters, shewing the characters of the 
axis and the inner and outer areas, terminated by a horizontal section of half the tubes, shewing the 
relation of the characters exhibited in the two sections—Fig. 54. Do. Horizontal section magnified two 
diameters. 
LONSDALEIA DUPLICATA (Mart. Sp.) 
ef. and Syn.—E. Madreporites duplicatus Martin, Pet. Derb. t. 30. f. 1, 2. 
Sp. Ch.—Corallum forming very large, loosely aggregated masses of round, concentrically rugose branches, 
nearly in contact throughout, of very unequal diameter, and rate of increase, the young branches often less 
than two lines in diameter, at two inches long, others near the same part of the mass reaching nine lines in 
diameter, at three inches in length; average diameter of tubes eight lines; circular strong prominent boundary 
wall of the cell-tube, four and half lines, containing about twenty-eight subequal radiating lamelle, reaching 
nearly, or quite, to the very large circular axis; axis nearly two lines in diameter; terminal cup, outer area 
convex, highly inclined, of large smooth vesicular plates, sometimes imperfectly radiated in parts by distant 
delicate costal prolongations of the radiating lamellee ; wall of the inner area, or cell-tube, very prominent, 
lined by the strong subequal radiating lamell:: ; axis composed of irregularly complicated and spirally twisted 
vesicular plates: vertical section composed of very large highly inclined curved vesicular plates in the outer area, 
two or three cells in a row; axis of delicate irregularly complicated plates; intermediate narrow area of delicate, 
simple, distant, slightly curved transverse plates: horizontal section, outer area of very large vesicular tissue, 
with few or no radiating lines from the lamelle; lamelliferous tube strongly defined, with its thick, equal 
lamellee, with few or no connecting vesicular plates; axis defined, of fine irregularly blended tissue, usually 
with a strong central line; external surface of the strong epitheca with vertical obtuse costal ridges, five 
or six in two lines. 
Position and Locality—Common in the carboniferous limestone of Derbyshire. 
LonspALEIA RUGOSA (M/‘Coy). PI. 3. B. fig. 6. 
Ref —M°Coy, Ann. Nat. Hist. 2nd Series, Vol. III. p. 13. 
Sp. Ch.—Branches six or seven lines in diameter, elongate-conic, exceedingly rugose, with large transverse 
irregular undulations and funnel-shaped irregularities of growth, crossed by coarse, obtuse, longitudinal striz 
(four in the space of two lines), young lateral branches small, continuing very slender for a considerable length; 
terminal cups deep, with a prominent compressed axis in the centre, middle portion with strong radiating 
lamellze, which, as they approach the margin, become fainter and united into a net-work by strong interstitial 
vesicular plates: horizontal section, central axis two lines wide, of close, fine, complicated laminze, crossed 
by one thick mesial plate; awis, surrounded by an area five lines wide, of about forty-two equal radiating 
lamellze, with very delicate transverse vesicular plates ; outer area, partially radiated by delicate costal prolon- 
gations of the radiating lamellze, with numerous strong, curved, vesicular plates, one circle defining the inner 
area much stronger than the rest; vertical section, shews a thick solid line, indicating the centre of the axis 
(and corresponding to the mesial line through the axis of the cross section), from which the delicate, thin, 
close, complicated laminze of the axis diverge downwards, but pass gradually into the larger and more horizontal 
cellular tissue of the second area; this latter is separated by a definite line from the outer area, which is of 
smaller cellular tissue, composed of small, curved, vesicular plates, extending obliquely upwards and outwards, 
four to five in a row. 
In general appearance this resembles the L. duplicata (Mart. sp.), but is much more rugose, and the 
young branches expand more rapidly; in the vertical section it is distinguished by the central line and the 
undefined sides of the axis, as well as the very much smaller size of the cells of the vesicular structure, 
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