MISCELLANIES. 
- “The Oostaud, or head work- 
man, superintends while his jour- 
neymen are employed near him 
immediately under his directions. 
If they have any new pattern in 
hand, or one with which they are 
not familiar, he describes to them 
the figures, colours, aud threads 
which they are to use, while he 
keeps before him the pattern on 
which they happen to be employ- 
ed, drawn upon paper. 
‘¢ During the operation of mak- 
ing, the rough side of the shaw] is 
uppermost on the frame, notwith- 
standing which, the Oostaud ne- 
ver mistakes the regularity of the 
most figured patterns. 
«« The wagesof the Ooustard(the 
employer furnishing materials) 
are from six to eight pice per day ; 
of the common workmen, from 
one to four pice (a pice in Cash- 
meer may be about three-half- 
pence). 
«A merchant, entering largely 
into the shawl trade, frequently 
engages a number of shops, which 
he collects, in a spot under his 
eye; or he supplies the head 
workmen with thread which has 
been previously spun by women 
and afterwards coloured, and they 
carry on the manufacture at their 
own houses, having previously 
received instructions from the 
merchant respecting the quality of 
the goods he may require, their 
colours, patterns, &c. 
« After the goodsare completed, 
the merchant carries them to the 
custom-office, where each shawl 
is stamped, and he pays a certain 
duty, the amount of which is set- 
ed abvordng to the quality and 
value of the piece. ‘The officer of 
the government generally fixes 
the value beyond what the goods 
521 
are really worth, The duty is at 
the rate of one-fifth of the price. 
“* Most shawls are exported un- 
washed, and fresh, from the loom. 
In India there is no market for 
unwashed shawls, and at Umrit- 
sir they are better washed and 
packed than in Cashmeer. Of 
those sent to the westward, many 
are worn unwashed. 
« The wool of which the shawls 
are made is imported from Tibet 
and Tartary,'in which countries 
alone the goat which produces it 
is said to thrive. That which is 
brought from Rodauk is reckoned 
the best. Its price in Cashmeer 
is from ten to twenty rupees for a 
turruk (which is supposed to be 
about twelve pounds) : the whit- 
est sort is the dearest. | 
* It would perbapsbe difficult to 
determine with accuracy the quan- 
tity of shawls manufactured an- 
nually ; supposing, however, that 
five of all kinds are on an average 
made at each shop or loom in the 
course of a year, the number 
would be eighty thousand, which 
is probably not far from the 
truth.” 
CANDAHAR. 
(From the Same.) 
The city of Candahar is large 
and populous. Heraut and Can- 
dahar are the only cities in the 
Dooraunee country ; and, except 
Furra, probably the only places 
which even merit the name of a 
town. The ancient city is some- 
times said to have been founded 
by Lohrasp, a Persian King who 
flourished in times of very remote 
antiquity, and to whom also the 
