JAN. 26. 1850.] 
NOTES AND QUERIES. 
2C5 
clined, exclaiming in pure Anglo-Saxon, “ Not 
He, By God,” — Ne se bigoth ; “ quod interpreta- 
tur,” says the chronicler, “ non [ille] per Deum.” 
The king and his peers, deriding him, called him 
afterwards Bigoth, or Bigot, instead of Rollo. 
“ Unde Normanni,” adds the writer, who brings 
his history down to the year 1137, “adhuc Bigothi 
dicuntur.” This will account for the prepositive 
article “ Le” prefixed to the Norman Bigods, the 
descendants of those who followed William the 
Conqueror into England, such as Hugh Le Bigod, 
&e. Among other innovations in France, the 
word Bigotisme has been introduced, of which 
Boiste gives an example as combined with Phi- 
losophisme : —‘“‘ Le Bigotisme n'est, comme le 
Philosophisme, qu'un Egoisme systématique. Le 
Philosophisme et le Bigotisme se traitent comme 
les chiens et les loups ; cependant leur especes se 
rapprochent, et produisent des monstres.” 
Oxford. J. 1. 
Gowghe's Dore of Holy Scripture. — If your cor- 
respondent “EF. M.” (No.9. p. 139.) has not received 
a reply to his third query, I beg to submit that he 
will find the perusers of Gowghe’s work to be the 
individuals mentioned in different portions of Foxe’s 
Acts and Monuments, vol. v. edit. 8vo. pp. 414. 449. 
482.; the less intelligible names, “ Doctor Barons, 
Master Ceton,” being intended for Dr. Barnes and 
Alexander Seton. Anyhow, this reference may, it 
is hoped, lead to a fuller discovery of the parties 
intended. Norgis. 
Reinerius Saccho. — Your correspondent “ D.” 
(No. 7. p. 106.) will find some account of Reine- 
rius Saccho, if the source is accessible, in Quetif 
and Echard's Scriptores Ord. Predicatt. tom. i. 
154. , N 
Discurs. Modest.— Your correspondent “ A.T.” 
(No. 9. p. 142.) may be informed that there can be 
no reasonable doubt, that the original authority, for 
Rem transubstantiationis patres ne attigisse quidem, 
is William Watson, in his Quodlibet, ii. 4. p. 31. ; 
that the Diseurs. Modest. de Jesuitis borrowed it 
from him; that Andrews most probably derived it 
from the borrower; and that the date of the Dis- 
curs. &c. must, therefore, be between 1602 and 
1610. Probably there may be a copy in the Lam- 
beth Library; there is none in the Bodleian, 
British Museum, or Sion College, and Placcius 
affords no reference. The author may never have 
been known. 
Defoe’s Tour through Great Britain. —T am 
much obliged to your correspondent “ D.S. Y.” for 
the suggestion that the Tour through Great 
Britain, by a Gentleman, from which I sent you 
some extracts relating to the Ironworks of Sussex, 
is from the graphic pen of Daniel Defoe. On re- 
ferring to the list of bis writings, given in vol. xx. 
of C. Talboy’s edition of Defoe’s Works, I find this 
idea is correct. Chalmers notices three editions 
of the work, in 1724, 1725, and 1727, (numbered 
in his list, 154,” “ 156,” “163,”) and remarks that 
“all the subsequent editions vary considerably 
from the original” of 1724. He states that “ this 
work is frequently confounded with ‘ John Macky’s 
Journey through England, in familiar Letters 
from a Gentleman here to his Friend abroad,’ 
1722.” I may take this opportunity of mention- 
ing that, in the first volume of Defoe’s work, there 
are some very interesting particulars of the skir- 
mish at Reading, between the troops of the Prince 
of Orange and the Irish forces of James II., and 
the panic known as the “ Irish night,” which de- 
serve to be consulted by Mr. Macaulay, for the 
next edition of his History. The whole work will 
well repay a perusal, and what is there of Defoe’s 
writing which will not ? D.S. 
Muffins. — The correspondent who, in No. 11., 
p- 173., inquires the origin of the word “ Muffin,” 
is referred to Urquhart’s Pillars of Hercules, 
vol. ii. p.143., just published, where he will find 
a large excursus on this subject. The word, he 
avers, is Phenician: from maphula, one of those 
kinds of bread named as such by Atheneus. “ It 
was a cake,” says Athenzus, “ baked on a hearth or 
griddle.” He derives this by taking away the 
final vowel, and then changing 7 for n; thus: 
“ maphula,” “ maphul,” “ mufun !!!” 
In this strange book there are fifty other ety- 
mologies as remarkable as this. ‘The author plainly 
offers them in hard earnest. This is something 
worth noting. V. 
By Hook or Crook. —“ As in the phrase ‘to 
get by hook or crook;’ in the sense of, to get 
by any expedient, to stick at nothing to obtain 
the end; not to be over-nice in obtaining your 
ends.— By hucke o'er hrooke ; e.g. by bending the 
knees, and by bowing low, or, as we now say, by 
bowing and scraping, by crouching and cringing.” 
— Bellenden Ker’s Essay on the Archeology of 
our Popular Phrases and Nursery Rhymes, vol. i. 
p- 21. ed. 1837. 
I wish your correspondent, “J. R. F.,” had 
given a reference to the book or charter from 
which he copied his note. 
Has Mr. B. Ker’s work ever been reviewed ? 
Me anton. 
[ Mr. Ker’s book was certainly reviewed in Fraser's 
Magazine at the time of its appearance, and probably 
in other literary journals. ] 
By Hook or by Crook. —TI have met with it 
somewhere, but have lost my note, that Hooke 
and Crooke were two judges, who in their day 
decided most unconscientiously whenever the in- 
terests of the crown were affected, and it used to 
be said that the king could get anything by Hooke 
