| (frugalitas) made my fortune. 
414 
was Rosrert Hotianp. 
Warton. 
6. News from the Stars; or, Erra Pater’s Ghost, 
by Meriton Latroon. 12mo. 1673. 
“ Rrcwarp Heap, a broken bookseller, and the 
author of the English Rogue, writ this. He 
turned Papist, and in his voyage to Spain was 
drowned.” —MS. note in a contemporary hand. 
Epwarp F. Rowsavcr. 
It is not mentioned by 
POPE, PETRONIUS, AND HIS TRANSLATORS. 
The vindication of Pope from the charge of 
borrowing his well-known sentiment —“ Worth 
makes a man,” &c.—from Petronius, is not so 
completely made out by “ P.C.8.S.” as it might 
be; for surely there is a sufficient similitude of 
idea, if not of expression, between the couplet of 
Pope and the sentence of Petronius, as given in 
all four of the translations cited by him (No. 23. 
p. 362.) — “ The heart makes the man,” &c. — to 
warrant a notion that the one was suggested by 
the other. But the surmise of plagiarism origin- 
ates in a misconception of the the terms employed 
by the Latin author — virtus, frugalitas, and more 
especially corcillum,— which have been misunder- 
stood by every one of these translators. Virtus is 
applied to mental as well as bodily superiority 
(Cic. Fin. v. 13.). The sense in which frugalitas 
is employed by Petronius may be collected from 
a preceding passage in the same chapter, where 
Trimalchio calls his pet puerum frugalissimum — 
a very clever lad—as he explains the epithet by 
adding that “he can read at sight, repeat from 
memory, cast up accounts, and turn a penny to 
his own profit.” Corcillum is a diminutive of 
corculum, (like oscillum, from osculum), itself a 
diminutive of cor, which word, though commonly 
put for “the heart,” is also used by the best au- 
thors, Lucretius, Horace, Terence, &c., in the same 
sense as our wit, wisdom, intellect. The entire 
passage, if correctly translated, might then be ex- 
pressed as follows : — 
«« The time has been, my friends, when I myself was 
no better off than you are; but I gained my present 
position solely by my own talents (virtute.) Wit (cor- 
cillum) makes the man—(or, literally, It is wisdom 
that makes men of us,)—every thing else is worthless 
lumber. I buy in the cheapest, and sell in the dearest 
market. But, as I said before, my own shrewdness 
I came from Asia no 
taller than that lamp stand; and used to measure my 
height against it day by day, and grease my muzzle 
(rostrum) with oil from the lamp to make a beard 
come.” 
Then follow some additional examples’ of the 
youth’s sagacity, not adapted for translation, but 
equally instances of worldly wisdom. Thus every 
one of the actions which Trimalchio enumerated 
as the causes of his prosperity are emanations 
NOTES AND QUERIES. 
[No. 26. 
from the head, not the heart; the results of a crafty 
intellect, not of moral feeling; so that the senti- 
ment he professes, instead of being similar to, is 
exactly the reverse of that expressed by Pope. 
This explanation seems so satisfactory that we 
might be well contented to rest here. But some 
MSS. have the reading coricillum instead of cor- 
cillum. If that be received as the genuine one, 
and some editors prefer it, the interpretation 
above given will only be slightly modified, but 
not destroyed, by the introduction of another 
image, the essential point remaining the same. 
The insertion of a vowel, z, precludes all connection 
with cor and its diminutives, but suggests a de- 
rivation from xépuxos, dim. xwptxov, a leathern 
sack or bag, which, when well stuffed, the Greeks 
used to suspend in the gymnasium, like the pen- 
dulum of a clock (as may be seen on a fictile vase), 
to buffet to and fro with blows of the fist. The 
stuffed bag will represent the human head on the 
end of its trunk; and the word may have been a 
slang one of the day, or coined by the Asiatic 
Trimalchio, whose general language is filled with 
provincial patois. The translation would then be, 
in the familar style of the original, — “The noddle 
makes the man,” &e. Antuony Ricu, Jun. 
QUERIES, 
WHEN WERE UMBRELLAS INTRODUCED INTO 
ENGLAND P 
Thomas Coryat, in his Crudities, vol. i. p. 134., 
gives us a curious notice of the early use of the 
umbrella in Italy. Speaking of fans, he says : — 
«“ These fans are of a mean price, fora man may buy 
one of the fairest of them for so much money as coun- 
tervaileth one English groat. Also many of them (the 
Italians) do carry other fine things ofa far greater price, 
that will cost at the least a ducat, which they commonly 
eall in the Italian tongue umbrellaes, that is, things that 
minister shadow unto them for shelter against the 
scorching heat of the sun. These are made of leather, 
something answerable to the form of a little canopy, 
and hooped in the inside with diverse little wooden 
hoops that extend the umbrella in a pretty large com- 
pass, They are used especially by horsemen, who 
carry them in their hands when they ride, fastening 
the end of the handle upon one of their thighs; and 
they impart so long a shadow unto them, that it keepeth 
the heat of the sun from the upper parts of their 
bodies.” 
Lt.-Col. (afterwards Gen.) Wolfe, writing from 
Paris, in the year 1752, says :— 
“ The people here-use umbrellas in hot weather to 
defend them from the sun, and something of the same 
kind to secure them from snow and rain. I wonder a 
practice so useful is not introduced in England, (where 
there are such frequent showers,) and especially in the 
country, where they can be expanded without any in- 
conveniency.” 
