Feb. 1. 1851.] 



NOTES AND QUERIES. 



91 



the cathedral is generally styled the church of St. 

 Mary and St. Chad. And aijain, on a recently 

 discovered seal of tlie dean and chapter, engraved 

 some two hundred years after Stephen's reign, 

 the inscription is this : 



" s' DECANI ET CAPl'i ECCI.e'iE SCE 3IA 

 KIE ET SCI CEDDE I.YCHFELn' AD CAS." * 



But in a grant from King Stephen to Bishop 

 Roger de Clinton, who commenced the present 

 fabric, it is simply styled ecclesia Sancti Ceddx de 

 Lichfield; and in the year 1341 a document was 

 addressed Decano et Capitulo ecclesice Sancti Cedda: 

 Lijch\ as may be learned from the Fcedei'u, vol. ii. 



^Ve tlius perceive, that the original name of 

 Lichfield Cathedral has been dropped for cen- 

 turies, and so has that of the church which Bishop 

 Chad built in honour of the Virgin Mary at Stow ; 

 for this church has, ibr a long time, been known 

 only by the name of Stow Church, or by that of 

 St. Chad's, Stow. 



And in this manner, I fancy, may be reconciled 

 the different names of Saviour's, or St. Saviour's, 

 Canterbury, and St. Martin's, Canterbury ; both 

 alluding to the same church, the mother cnuRCii 

 of Saxon England. J. liAwsou, M.D. 



Lichfield. 



'^c^Vxti to iHiiior eHufnc^. 



The Frozen Horn (Vol. ii., p. 262. ; Vol. ili., 

 p. 25.). — In an old edition of Hudibras now be- 

 fore me, I find tiie following note on the lines 

 quoted by J. M. G. : — 



" Some report that in Nova Zembhi and Greenland 

 men's words are wont to be frozen in tiie air, and at 

 the thaw may be heard." 



The application of the idea by Charles Dickens, 

 in his Old Curiosity Shop, is also, I think, ex- 

 tremely felicitous. 



" ' Don't be frightened, mistress,' said Qiiilp, after a 

 pause. 'Your son knows me : I don't cat babies; I 

 don't like 'em. It will be as well to stop that young 

 screamer though, in case I should be tempted to do 

 him a mischief. Holloa, Sir! will you be quiet?' 

 Little Jacob stemmed the course of two tears which he was 

 sqveezinci out of his eyes, and instantli/ subsided into a 



silent horror The moment tlieir [Quilp 



and Swlveller] backs were turned, little Jacub t/iawed, 

 and resumed his crying from tlie point where Quilp had 

 frozen him." — Vol. i. pp. 207-9. 



J. B. COLMAN. 



To Pose. — In Vol. ii., p. 522., your correspondent 

 F. R. A. points out some passages in which the 



* See the Gentleman's Magazine for August 18 18; 

 in which an accurate representation of this seal is 

 given. 



word " posing " appears to be used in a sense 



equivalent to " parsing." Neither the etymology 

 nor the exact meaning of the word " to pose," are 

 easy to determine. It seems to be abbreviated 

 from the old verb " to appose ;" which meant, to 

 set a task, to subject to an examination or inter- 

 rogatory ; and hence to perplex, to embarrass, to 

 puzzle. The latter is the common meaning of the 

 v^ord to pose ; thus in Crabbe's Parish Register : — 

 " Then by what name th' unwelcome guest to call, 

 "Was long a question, and it posed them all." 



Hence, too, the common expression, that a ques- 

 tion which it is difficidt to answer, or an argu- 

 ment which seems to decide the controversy, is a 

 poser. The word " posing " in the passages cited 

 by F. R. A. may refer to the examination of the 

 pupil by the teacher of grammar. Thus, Fuller, 

 in his Woi'thies, art. Norfolk, says that — 



"The University appointed Dr. Cranraer, afterwards 

 Archbishop of Canterbury, to be the paser-general of all 

 candidates in divinity," 



Roquefort, Gloss, de la Langue Romaine, has " ap- 

 poner, appliquer, poser, plaier." See Richardson 

 in appose and pose. L. 



Culprits torn by Hoises (Vol. ii., p. 480.). — In 

 reply to Mr. Jacksox's question respecting cul- 

 prits torn by horses, I beg to inform him that 

 Robert Francois Damiens was the last criminal 

 thus executed in France. He suffered on the 

 28th March, 1757, for an attempt on the life of 

 Louis XV. The awful penalty of the law was 

 carried out in complete conformity with the savage 

 precedents of former centuries. Not one of the 

 preparatory barbarities of question, ordinary and 

 extraordinary, or of the accompanying atrocities 

 of red-hot pincers, melted lead, and boiling oil, 

 was omitted. The agony of the wretched man 

 lasted for an hour and a half, and was witnessed, 

 as Mercier informs us, by all the best company in 

 Paris. 



The men amused their leisure with cards, while 

 waiting, as he says, for the boiling oil ; and the 

 women were the last to turn their eyes from the 

 hideous spectacle. Your correspondent may be 

 glad to be informed that the same punishment 

 was indicted on Poltrot de Mere for the murder 

 of tlie Duke of Guise, in 1503; on Salcede, in 

 1582, for conspiring against the Duke of Alen^on; 

 on Brilland, in 1588, for poisoning the Prince de 

 Condc ; on Bourgoing, Prior of the Jacobins, as 

 an accessary to the crime of Jaques Clement, in 

 1590; and on Ravaillac, for the murder of 

 Henry IV. in 1610. These, wilh the case of Jean 

 Chastel, are all of which I am aware. If any of 

 your readers can add to the list, I sliall feel 

 obliged. 



As I am upon the subject of judicial horrors, I 

 would ask, whether any of your correspondents 

 can supply me with a reference to the case of a 



