Mak. 8. 1851.] 



NOTES AND QUERIES. 



195 



point out other instances, whiob I believe to exist, 

 ■\vliere family reputation lias been damaged by 

 similar ignorance in heraldic interpretation." I 

 have always thoiiglit this ignorance to be universal 

 ■with the country people in England : I could 

 mention several instances. First, when I was a 

 boy at school I was shown the hatchments in 

 Wateringbury church, in Kent, by my master, 

 and informed that Sir Thomas Styles had murdered 

 some domesli<', and was consequently obliged to 

 bear the " blooily hand:" and lastly, and lately, 

 at Church-Gresley, in Derbyshire, at the old hall 

 of the Gresley family, I was shown the marble 

 table on which Sir Roger or Sir Nigel Gresley had 

 cut up, in a sort of Greenacre style, his cook ; for 

 which he was obliged to have the bloody hand in 

 his arms, and put into the church on his tomb. 



H. W. D. 



AniicipaUons of Modern Ideas by Defoe (Vol. iii., 

 p. 137.). — The two tracts mentioned by your cor- 

 respondent R. D. H., and which he states he has 

 often sought in vain, namely, Aiig-vsia TriumpJians, 

 London, 1728, 8vo., and Second Thnngh/s are best, 

 London, 1729, 8vo., are to be found in the Selection 

 from Dcfoes Works published by Talboys in 

 20 vols. 12mo. in 1840. Tliey are both indis- 

 putably by Defoe, and contain, as your correspon- 

 dent observes, many anticipations of modern im- 

 provements. I may mention that there is a tract, 

 also beyond doubt by Defoe, on the subject of 

 London street-robberies, which has never yet been 

 noticed or attributed to him Ijy any one. It is far 

 nioie curious and valuable than Second Thoughts 

 are best^ and is perfectly distinct from that tract. 

 It gives a history, and the only one I ever yet met 

 with, written in all Defoe's graphic manner, of 

 the London police and the various modes of street 

 robbery in the metropolis, from the time of 

 Charles II. to 1731, and concludes by suggestions 

 of effectual means of prevention. It is evidently 

 the work of one who had lived in London during 

 the whole of the period. The title is — 



" An effectual Scheme for the immediate preventing 

 of Street Robberies, and suppressing all other Disorders 

 of the Night, with a brief History of the Night Houses, 

 and an A))pendix relating to those Sons of Hell called 

 Incendiaries. Humbly inscribed to the Right Ho- 

 nourable the Lord ]\Iayor of the City of London. 

 London : Printed for J. WUford, at the Three Flower 

 de Luces, behind the Chapter House in St. Paul's 

 Churchyard. 1731. ( Price Is.) 8vo., pages 72." 



I have also another tract on the same subject, 

 which ha,s not been noticed by Defoe's biographers, 

 but which I have no hoitalion in ascribing to him. 

 It is curious enough, but not of equal value with 

 the last. The title is — 



"Street Robberies considered. The reason of tlieir 

 being so fre<juei)t, with jirobabie Means to prevent 'em. 

 To which is added, three short Tieatises; 1. A Warn- 

 ing for 'i'ravellers; with Rules to know a Higliway- 



raan, and Instructions how 4o behave upon the occasion. 

 2. Observations on Housebreakers. How to prevent 

 a Tenement from being Ijroke open. With a AVord of 

 Advice concerning Servants. 3. A Caveat for Shi?p- 

 keepers : witli a Description of Slioplifts, how to know 

 'em, and how to prevent 'em : also a Caution of deli- 

 vering Goods : with the Relation of several Che^its 

 practised lately upon the Publick. Written hy a con- 

 verted Thief To which is piefix'd some Memoirs of 

 his Life. Si-t a Thief to catch a Thief. London : 

 Printed for J. Roberts, in Warwick Lane. Price Is. 

 (No date, but circ. 1726.) 8vo., pages 72." 



James Crossi.et. 



Meaning of Waste-book (Vol. iii., p. 118.). — 

 The waste-book in a counting-house is that in 

 which all the transactions of the day, receipts, 

 payments, &c., are entered miscellaneously as they 

 occur, and of which no account is immediately 

 taken, no value immediately found ; whence, so to 

 speak, the mass of affairs is undigested, and the 

 wilderness or ivaste is uncultivated, and without 

 result until entries are methodically made in the 

 day-book and ledger ; without which latter ap- 

 pliances there would, in book-keeping, be waste 

 indeed, in the worst sense of the term. The word 

 day-booh explains itself. The word ledger is ex- 

 plained in Johnson's and in Ash's Dictionary., from 

 the Dutch, as signifying a book that lies in tiie 

 counting-house permanently in one place. The 

 etymology there given also explains why certain 

 lines used in fishing-tackle, by old Isaak Walton, 

 and by his disciples at the present day, are called 

 ledger-lines. It, however, does not seem to ex- 

 plain the phrase ledger-lines, used in music ; 

 namely, the term applied to those short lines added 

 above or below the staff of five lines, when the 

 notes run very high or very low, and which are 

 exactly those which are not permanent. Here the 

 French word leger tempts the etymologist a little. 



Robert Snow. 



Dens Justifcatus (Vol. ii., p. 441.). — There is 

 no doubt that this work was written by Henry 

 Hallywell, and not by Cudworth. Dr. Worthing- 

 ton, whose intercourse with the latter was of the 

 most intimate kind, and who would have been 

 fully aware of the fiut had he been the author, 

 observes, in a letter not dated, but written circ. 

 Se]itember, 1G68, addressed to Dr. More, and of 

 which I have a copy now before me: 



" I bought at London Mr. Hallywell's Deris Justifi- 

 catiis. Melhinks it is better written than his former 

 Letter. He will write better and better." 



In a short account of Hallywell, who was of the 

 school of Cudworth and Jlore, and whose ilS. 

 correspondence with the latter is now in my ])os- 

 session, in Wood's Fasti, vol. ii. p. 187. Edit. Llis.', 

 Wood, " amongst several things that he hath 

 publislied," enumerates five only, but does not 

 give the Deus Justifwatus amongst them. It 



