304 



NOTES AND QUERIES. 



[No. 77. 



Chaupys to tLe Emperor Charles V., October 25, 

 1529, in the following words : — 



■" The cardinal has now retired with a very small 

 train to a place about ten miles hence. A son of his has 

 been sent for from Paris, who was there following his 

 studies, and of whom I have formerly made some men- 

 tion to your Majesty." — Correspondence of Charles V., 

 p 291. 



Cardinal Beaton had lots of bastards, but I 

 never remember to have seen in any account of 

 Wolsey mention made of natural children. 



J. M. 



[The existence of a natural son of Cardinal Wolsey 

 IS a fact as well ascertained as any other fact of the 

 Cardinal's history, and referred to in the various 

 biographies of him that have appeared. His name was 

 Thomas Winter. In Chalmers's B iographical Dictionary , 

 vol. xxxii. pp. 25.5 and 256. note, reference is made to 

 a Bull of Pope Julius II., dated August, 1508, to be 

 found in Kennet's MSS. in the British Museum, in 

 which he is styled, " dilecti filio Thomse Wulcy," Rec- 

 tor of Lymington, diocese of Bath and Wells, Master of 

 Arts, "pro dispensatione ad tertium incnmpatibile." This 

 is explained by the passage in Wood's Athena'. Oxon. 

 Fasti, part i. p. 1?,. (Bliss ed.), relating to him. 

 "This Tho. Winter, who was nephew (or rather nat. 

 son) to Cardinal Tho. Wolsey, had several dignities 

 confer'd upon him before he was of age, by the means of 

 the said Cardinal," viz. the archdeaconry of York, 152:3 ; 

 chancellorship of the churdh of Sarum ; tlie deanery 

 of Wells, 1 525 ; the provostsliip of Beverly ; and the 

 archdeaconry of Richmond, &c. : on which there is a 

 note by Baker, that " this Tho. Winter is said to have 

 held of the church's goods clearly more than 2000 pds. 

 per an." Wood adds, that about the time of the Car- 

 dinal's fall, he gave up all or most of liis dignities, 

 keeping only the archdeaconry of York, which he re- 

 signed also in 1540. In Grove's Life and Times of 

 Cardinal Wolsey, vol. iv. p. 31 "., among the " Articles" 

 against the Cardinal, Article XXVIl. expressly 

 charges him, "that he took from his son Winter his 

 income of 2,700/. a-year, applied it to his own use, 

 and gave him only 200/. yearly to live on." A refer- 

 ence is made in Sir H. Ellis's Letters Illustrative of 

 English History, 2nd Series, vol. ii. p. 70., to a letter 

 of Edmund Harvel to Dr. Starkey, dated from Venice, 

 April \5^5, in which the writer expresses his obliga- 

 tions to Mr. Winter, for his " friendly mynde toward 

 him," and begs him to return his thanks. 



In Mr, Call's Life of ll'olsey (Appendix IV. p. 424. 

 of Bogue's edition) will be found afopy of a letter from 

 John Clusy to Cromwell, in relation to a natural 

 daughter of M'olsey's in the nunnery of Shaftesbury.] 



Cardinals and Abbots in the English Church. ~ 

 It may not be generally known, but the fact is so, 

 that the English church numbers two Cardinals 

 and a Lord Abbot amongst her members. In 

 AVhitaker's Clerical Diary, under the head of 

 London Diocese, there is attached to St. Paul's a 

 senior and a junior cardinal; and in Ireland exists 

 the exempt jurisdiction of Newry and Mourne, 



under the government of the Lord Abbot, who is 

 the Earl of Kilmorey. Can any of your readers 

 give me any information respeclimg these officials ? 



W.J. 



[Cardinal. — The tide of cardinal (cardinalis) in 

 eaily times was frequently applifd to any bishop, 

 priest, or deacon holding an official post. In France 

 there were many cardinal priests : thus, the curate of 

 the parish of St. John de Vignes is called, in old char- 

 ters, the cardinal priest of that parish. There were 

 also cardinal deacons, who had tbe charge of hospitals 

 for the poor, and who ranked above the other deacons. 

 Thus, two of tlie minor canons of St. Paul's are called 

 cardinals of the choir, whose duties are to preserve order 

 in Divine service, administer the Eucharist, and offi- 

 ciate at funerals. In former times, they heard confes- 

 sions and enjoined penances. (Newcour-t's Repertorium, 

 vol. i. p. 2.'5.'5. ) It was not till the twelfth century that 

 the Sacred College of Cardinals was organised ; nor 

 was it till 1567 that clergymen were forbidden by 

 Pius V. to assume the title of cardinal unless appointed 

 by the Pope. 



Lay Abbots. — In early times w.e frequently find secu- 

 lar persons denominated "field abbots'" and "abbot 

 counts," upon whom the sovereign had bestowed certain 

 abbeys, for which they were obliged to render military 

 service, as for common fiefs In the time of Charles 

 the Bald many of the nobility in France were abbots, 

 having a dean to officiate for them. Thus, too, in 

 Scotland, James Stuart, the natural son of James V., 

 was, at the time of the Reformation, Prior of St. An- 

 drew's, althongli a secular person. The Earl of Kil- 

 morey, who is impropriator of the tithes of St. Mary, 

 Newry, is a lay abbot, or representative of the pre- 

 ceding abbots of a Cistertian Abbey which formerly 

 existed in that town. His abbatial functions, bow- 

 ever, are conlined to convening ecclesiastical courts, and 

 granting probates of wills and licenses for marriages, 

 subject only to the metropolitan jurisdiction of the 

 Archbishoi) of Armagh. A remnant of the secularis- 

 ation of ecclesiastical dignities has already been noticed 

 in our pages (Vol. ii., pp. 447. 500.), in the case of the 

 late Duke of Y'ork, who was at the same time Com- 

 mander-in-chief and Bishop of Osnaburg.] 



£IS BALTHAZAR GERBIER. 



(Vol. ii., p. 375.) 



Your correspondent J. Mt. has great reason 

 to congratulate himself on the possession of the 

 singularly curious tract which he describes, and 

 which gives an autobiography of this extraordinary 

 adventurer. I am not aware of any other copy in 

 any public or private collection. I have a 4to. 

 tract in nineteen pages, evidently printed abroad, 

 the title of which is — 



" Balthazar Gerbier, Knight, 

 to 

 All Men that love Truth." 



