Oct. 11. 1851.] 



NOTES AND QUERIES. 



281 



An important result followed this struggle (see 

 2 Lingard, p. 375.), viz., that the procurators of 

 the common clergy of each diocese (in compliance 

 with the direction on the King's writ) were ad- 

 mitted as constituent members of these and all sub- 

 sequent Convocations; the archdeacons, before this 

 time, being considered as their representatives, who 

 probably were furnished with letters of procuration 

 from them. 



The constitution of the English Convocation 

 may be said to be finally established in the reign 

 of Edward I., and it has so continued to the pre- 

 sent day ; except that in 1665 the clergy in Con- 

 vocation gave up the privilege of self-taxation, and 

 received in return that of voting for the House of 

 Commons, losing thereby one distinctive sign of 

 their being " an Estate of the Eealm." 



William Eraser, B. C. L. 



P.S. The error which my former note was in- 

 tended to correct was not utterly a "cockney" 

 one, as the following Proposition, condemned in 

 1683, by the University of Oxford, together with 

 several others contained in the books of the time, 

 as " damnable and destructive, " will show : — 



" The sovereignty of England is in the Three Estatea, 

 viz. King, Lords, and Commons. The King has but a 

 co-ordinate power, and may be overruled by the other 

 two." Lex Rex. Huvter of a limited and mixed 

 Monarchij, Baxter's H. C. Polit, Catech. See Collier's 

 Eccl, Hist., Part 2. Book ix. 



MEANING OF WHIG AND TORT. 



(Vol. iv., p. 57.) 



The derivation of these terms, as applied to the 

 two extreme parties in politics, is a much vexed 

 question, which will probably never be satisfac- 

 torily settled. That staunch Tory, Roger North, 

 in bis Examen, has referred the origin of the 

 name of his party to their connexion with the 

 Duke of York and his popish allies. 



" It is easy (says North) to imagine how rampant 

 these procurators of power, the Exclusioners, were 

 under such circumstances of advantage as at that time 

 prevailed ; everywhere insulting and menacing the 

 loyalists, as was done in all tlie terms of common con- 

 versation, and the latter had the wind in their faces, 

 the votes of the house and the rabble into the bargain. 

 This trade, then not much opposed, naturally led to a 

 common use of slighting and opprobrious names, such 

 as Yorkist. That served for mere distinction, but did 

 not scandalize or reflect enough. Then they came to 

 'J'antivy, which implied riding post to Rome. Ob- 

 serve, all the while the loyal church party were passive ; 

 the outrage lay wholly on the other side. These 

 observing that the Duke favoured Irishmen, all his 

 friends, or those accounted such by appearing against 

 the Exclusion, were straight become Irish ; thence 

 bog-trotters, and in the copia of the factious lan- 

 guage, the word Tory was entertained, which signi- 



fied the most despicable savages among the wild Irish ; 

 and being a vocal and clear sounding word, icadily 

 pronounced, it kept its hold, and took possession of 

 the foul mouths of the faction." 



Burton, in vol. ii. of his Parliamentary Diary 

 on the state of Ireland, under date of June 10, 

 ] 657, has the following passage : 



" Tory is said to bo the Irish word Toree, that is. 

 Give me, which was the summons of surrender used by 

 the banditti, to whom the name was originally applied." 



In support of this assertion it may be as well to 

 state that Tory or Terry Island, on the coast of 

 Donegal, is said to have taken its name from the 

 robbers by whom it was formerly infested. Dr. 

 Johnson' also supports Burton's derivation of the 

 word ; he calls it a cant term, which he supposed 

 to be derived from an Irish word, signifying a 

 savage. Mr. G. O. Borrow (alias Lavengro), who 

 has devoted much attention to the Celtic dialect, 

 in a paper which he contributed some years back 

 to the Norfolk Chronicle, suggested that the ety- 

 mology of the word Tory might be traced to the 

 Irish' adherents of Charles it. during the Crom- 

 wcllian era; the words 2ar-«-i?i (pronounced 

 Tory, and meaning Come, O King), having been 

 so constantly in the mouths of the Royalists as to 

 have become a by-word to designate them. So 

 much for the word Tory, which from these pre- 

 mises is evidently of Irish origin. We now come 

 to consider the derivation of the term Whig, con- 

 cerning which there is not quite such a diversity 

 of opinion. The first authority we will quote 

 shall be Burnet, who says : 



" The south-west counties of Scotland have seldom 

 corn enough to serve them round the year ; and the 

 northern parts producing more than they need, those 

 in the west come in the summer to buy at Leith the 

 stores that came from the north ; and from a word, 

 Whiggam, used in driving their horses, all that drove 

 were called Whiggamors, and shorter, the Whiggs. 

 Now, in that year (i.e. 1G48), after the news came 

 down of Duke Hamilton's defeat, the ministers ani- 

 mated their people to rise and march to Edinburgh ; 

 and they came up marching on the head of their 

 parishes with an unheard-of fury, praying and preach- 

 ing all the way as they came. The Marquis of 

 Argyle and his party came and bearded them, they 

 being about 6000. This was called the Whiggamors' 

 inroad, and ever after that, all that opposed the court 

 came in contempt co be called Whiggs ; and from Scot- 

 land the word was brought into England, where it is 

 now one of our unhaiipy terms of disunion." — 

 Burnet's History of his own Times, vol. i. p. 43. 



Such is Burnet's account of the derivation of 

 this word, in which he is followed by Samuel 

 Johnson, who has transcribed the above passage 

 in his Dictionan/. Kirkton also, in his History of 

 the Church of Scotland, edited by C. K. Sharpe, 

 Estp, in 1817, adheres to the same opinion: under 

 the year 1667, he says : 



